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Record: 144690
	Item 1 of 84
Authors	Smith, Bunny
Affiliation	Managing Editor, Golf Course Management
Title	Passionate advocates: GCSAA selects a distinguishedtrio for its 2009 Distinguished Service Awards: Mark Esoda, CGCS; the late George Hamilton, Ph.D.; and Monroe Miller
Source	Golf Course Management. Vol. 77, No. 2, February 2009, p. 72, 74, 76, 78.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	Lawrence, KS: Golf Course Superintendents Association of America
Keywords	Awards; Personal profile; Golf Course Superintendents; Career growth; Professionalism; Organizations; Leadership; Education; Research funding; Relationships
Subjects' names:	Esoda, Mark; Hamilton, George; Miller, Monroe
Abstract	Profiles Mark Esoda; George Hamilton, Ph.D., and Monroe Miller, recipients of the 2009 Colonel John Morely Distinguished Service Award. Explains that "the Distinguished Service Award goes each year to individuals who have demonstrated outstanding service to superintendents and the profession."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color

Record: 143450
	Item 2 of 84
Authors	Anonymous
Title	Three winners of inaugural Morley award
Section:	Front nine
Source	Golf Course Management. Vol. 76, No. 12, December 2008, p. 24-25.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Lawrence, KS: Golf Course Superintendents Association of America
Keywords	Awards; Golf Course Superintendents; Personal profile; Professionalism
Subjects' names:	Esoda, Mark; Miller, Monroe; Hamilton, George
Abstract	Announces Mark Escoda, Certified Golf Course Superintendent (CGCS) at Atlanta Country Club in Georgia; Monroe Miller, retired superintendent at Blackhawk Country Club in Madison, Wisconsin; and George Hamilton, Ph.D., turfgrass professor at Penn State University as the recipients of the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America (GCSAA) 2009 Col. John Morley Distinguished Service Award.
Language	English
# of References	0

Record: 105335
	Item 3 of 84
Authors	Bigelow, Cale A.; Hamilton, George W.; Hardebeck, Glenn A.; Nemitz, Jared R.
Affiliation	Bigelow, Hardebeck, and Nemitz: Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Inidiana; and Hamilton: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, The Pennsylvaina Staet University, University Park, Pennsylvania
Title	Creeping bentgrass spring green-up as affected by late-seaon application of two sand topdressing products
Section:	Disease
Meeting Info.	Llandudno, Wales, UK: July 10-15, 2005
Source	International Turfgrass Society Annexe - Technical Papers 2005. Vol. 10, 2005, p. 32-33.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Aberystywth, Ceredigion, UK: International Turfgrass Society
Web URL	Last checked 09/29/2008 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Agrostis palustris; Spring green-up; Sand topdressings; Topdressing; Application rates; Temperatures; Visual evaluation
Cultivar names:	Crenshaw
Abstract	Discusses research comparing "locally available commercial sand topdressing to a black dyed sand at three application rates for their effect on bentgrass spring green-up in North Central Indiana." States that "the turf on the research green was a mature stand of 'Crenshaw' creeping bentgrass being grown on a native soil, located in full sun at the W.H. Daniel Turfgrass Research and Diagnostic Center in West Lafayette, Indiana." Results indicate "the applications of either sand topdressings at application rates > 14,700 kg ha^-1 improved visual green-up ratings with the greatest effect occurring at the 19,600 kg ha^-1 rate." Concludes that "late-season applications of sand topdressings > 14,700 kg ha^-1 can be beneficial for enhancing spring green-up and foliar growth than non-topdressed bentgrass. Although no negative effects of this practice were observed it is unclear how this practice might influence player expectations from early season putting conditions, use or winter disease incidence. Excessive, succulent foliar growth and heavy foot traffic on wet soils would negatively affect turfgrass health."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables

Record: 107764
	Item 4 of 84
Authors	Raley, Robert; Hamilton, George; Landschoot, Peter; Schlossberg, Maxim
Affiliation	Penn State
Title	Nitrogen and phosphorus impact on annual bluegrass encroachment into creeping bentgrass
Section:	Graduate student poster competition: Breeding and stress
Meeting Info.	Salt Lake City, UT: 7-10 November, 2005
Source	2005 Annual Meeting Abstracts [ASA/CSSA/SSSA/CSSS]. 2005, p. [1].
# of pages:	[1]
Pub. Info	[Madison, WI]: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America
Web URL	Last checked 02/03/2006
Keywords	Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Poa annua; Encroachment; Agrostis palustris; Golf greens; Application rates; Tissue testing; Clipping weight; Color
Cultivar names:	Penn A-4
Abstract	"Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) encroachment into newly established creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) reduces putting green quality. Previous studies have demonstrated increased annual bluegrass encroachment in stands of creeping bentgrass fertilized with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) compared to stands receiving no or very little N and P additions. However, the effects of N and P on annual bluegrass encroachment into newly established creeping bentgrass putting greens have not been investigated. The objective of this study is to determine how combinations of N and P at varying rates affect annual bluegrass encroachment into a new creeping bentgrass putting green. The study was conducted from 2003-2005 in University Park, PA on a two-year- old USGA specification putting green seeded to `Penn A-4' creeping bentgrass. The experiment is a four by four factorial (N rates and P rates) arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Annual bluegrass counts, clipping yields, N and P tissue concentrations, soil Mehlich-P concentrations, and turf color were compared. Increasing rates of N have shown darker turf color, increased clipping yields and increased N tissue concentrations. Increasing P rates have shown increased P tissue concentrations, and increased soil Mehlich-P concentrations, but no affect on clipping yields or turf color."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only

Record: 98937
	Item 5 of 84
Authors	Andorka, Frank H. Jr.
Affiliation	Managing Editor, Golfdome
Title	George Hamilton died as he lived - With grace
Section:	Off the fringe
What it is:	Obituary
Source	Golfdom. Vol. 60, No. 9, September 2004, p. 18.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Cleveland, OH: Advanstar Communications
Web URL	Last checked 12/15/2005
Subjects' names:	Hamilton, Goerge
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	"A longer version of this piece can be seen at www.golfdom.com in the July 15 edition of the Golfdom Insider newsletter."
Note	Pictures, color

Record: 97742
	Item 6 of 84
Authors	Anonymous
Title	Passing noted: George W. Hamilton Jr.
Section:	Front nine
What it is:	Obituary
Source	Golf Course Management. Vol. 72, No. 9, September 2004, p. 24.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Lawrence, KS: Golf Course Superintendents Association of America
Web URL	Last checked 09/30/2008 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Personal profile; Education; GCSAA; Career growth
Subjects' names:	Hamilton, George W. Jr.
Abstract	Announces the death of George W. Hamilton Jr., Ph.D. Discusses Hamilton's career accomplishments, stating that "he was the technical advisor for the two-year golf course turfgrass management program at Penn State University and taught courses in cultural turfgrass management and golf course specifications, construction and renovation to a large number of...GCSAA [Golf Course Superintendents Association of America] members." Mentions that "Dr. Hamilton received a number of professional honors during his career, including Innovator of the Year from the Northeast Weed Science Society in 1994 and 1997, the Governor's Award for Environmental Excellence in 1996 and the Distinguished Service Award by the Pennsylvania Turfgrass Council in 2000."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color

Record: 104170
	Item 7 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W.; Raley, R. B.
Affiliation	Penn State University
Title	Black sand and turf cover effects on new putting green spring green-up and tillering
Section:	Topdressing
Source	2004 Turfgrass Research Report [Penn State]. 2004, p. [94-96].
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	[University Park, PA]: Center for Turfgrass Science, The Pennsylvania State University, in Cooperation with the Pennsylvania Turfgrass Council
Web URL	Last checked 05/2005 Requires: Adobe Acrobat. Notes: Document is within a single very large file!!.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Graphs

Record: 104171
	Item 8 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W.; Raley, R. B.
Affiliation	Penn State University
Title	Turf cover effects on putting green winter temperature spring green-up and growth
Section:	Athletic field studies
Source	2004 Turfgrass Research Report [Penn State]. 2004, p. [97-101].
# of pages:	5
Pub. Info	[University Park, PA]: Center for Turfgrass Science, The Pennsylvania State University, in Cooperation with the Pennsylvania Turfgrass Council
Web URL	Last checked 05/2005 Requires: Adobe Acrobat. Notes: Document is within a single very large file!!.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs

Record: 92856
	Item 9 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, George
Affiliation	Specialist in Pest Management, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Title	Reductions in pesticide use: A thirty-year decline
Section:	Focus: Environment
Source	TurfNews [TPI]. Vol. 28, No. 1, January/February 2004, p. 38-40.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	Rolling Meadows, IL: Turfgrass Producers International
Web URL	Last checked 09/30/2008 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Pesticide use; Legislation; FIFRA; Pesticide registration; USEPA; Food Quality Protection Act; State legislation; Local legislation
Abstract	Discusses the thirty-year decline in pesticide use. Cites three main changes responsible for this reduction: "first, the way in which pesticides are regulated at federal/state and local leves has changed. Second, a decline in the number of compaines that manufacture and market pesticides has limited product availability. Finally, consumer perceptions about the use of pesticides have changed dramatically in the last 20 to 30 years." Discusses new laws that "changed how tolerances are established." Concludes that "changes to state and federal laws and regulation, a shrinking chemical industry, and adjustments in consumer attitudes towards pesticide have all shaped what pesticides are available today and how we can use them."
Language	English
# of References	0

Record: 137029
	Item 10 of 84
Mon. Author	Hamilton, George C.; Vasvary, Louis M.
Affiliation	Hamilton: Extension Specialist in Pest Management; and Vasvary: Extension Specialist in Entomology.
What it is:	Fact sheet
Monograph	Control of Cat and Dog Fleas, 2003.
Edition	Revised
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Cooperative Extension
Collation	2 pp.
Series	Rutgers Cooperative Research & Extension Fact Sheet FS090
Web URL	Last checked 07/03/2008 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Control; Ctenocephalides felis; Ctenocephalides canis; Life cycle
Abstract	Includes information on how to control cat and dog fleas, such as the use of commercial products and the application of insecticides.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
Note	"Revised August 2003"

Record: 137032
	Item 11 of 84
Mon. Author	Hamilton, George C.; Vasvary, Louis M.
Affiliation	Hamilton: Extension Specialist in Pest Management; and Vasvary: Extension Specialist in Entomology.
What it is:	Fact sheet
Monograph	About the American Dog Tick, 2003.
Edition	Revised
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Cooperative Extension
Collation	2 pp.
Web URL	Last checked 07/03/2008 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	American dog ticks; Control; Lawn turf; Safety
Abstract	Includes: Medical Importance; Area Control; Residential Turf; Protecting People; and Protecting Dogs.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Figures
Note	"Revised August 2003"

Record: 137036
	Item 12 of 84
Mon. Author	Hamilton, George C.; Vasvary, Louis M.
Affiliation	Hamilton: Extension Specialist in Pest Management; and Vasvary: Former Extension Specialist in Entomology.
What it is:	Fact sheet
Monograph	Wasps and Their Control, 2003.
Edition	Revised
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Cooperative Extension
Collation	2 pp.
Series	Rutgers Cooperative Research & Extension Fact Sheet FS212
Web URL	Last checked 07/03/2008 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Insect control; Insecticides; Sphecidae; Vespidae
Abstract	Includes: Nests; Control With Insecticides; Nests Above the Ground; and Nests in the Ground.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
Note	"Revised August 2003"

Record: 95669
	Item 13 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, George
Title	Evaluation of colored sands as a material to enhance putting green turf spring green-up
Section:	Topdressing, NTEP, and soil amendment evaluations
Source	2003 Turfgrass Research Report [Penn State]. 2003, p. 4-6.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	[University Park, PA]: Center for Turfgrass Science, The Pennsylvania State University, in Cooperation with the Pennsylvania Turfgrass Council
Web URL	Last checked 06/2004 Requires: Adobe Acrobat. Notes: Document is within a single very large file!!.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Graphs

Record: 137023
	Item 14 of 84
Mon. Author	Hamilton, George C.; Vasvary, Louis M.
Affiliation	Hamilton: Extension Specialist in Pest Management; and Vasvary: Extension Specialist in Entomology.
What it is:	Fact sheet
Monograph	Brown Dog Tick Control, 2002.
Edition	Revised
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Cooperative Extension
Collation	1 pp.
Series	Brown Dog Tick Control
Web URL	Last checked 07/03/2008 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Rhipicephalus sanguineus; Pest control
Abstract	Includes information on brown dog ticks and steps for their control, such as the treatment of the dog and getting rid of ticks in your home.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	"Revised April 2002"

Record: 137018
	Item 15 of 84
Mon. Author	Hamilton, George C.
Affiliation	Extension Specialist in Pest Management
What it is:	Fact sheet
Monograph	Pesticide Application Records, 2001.
Edition	Revised
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Cooperative Extension
Collation	4 pp.
Series	Rutgers Cooperative Research & Extension Fact Sheet FS621
Web URL	Last checked 07/03/2008 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Pesticide application; Records
Abstract	Includes: What do I have to do?; and How can I make sure I'm in Compliance?.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables
Note	"Revised June 2001"

Record: 81650
	Item 16 of 84
Mon. Author	Hamilton, George W. Jr.
Affiliation	College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
What it is:	Dissertation
Monograph	Environmental Factors Affecting Creeping Bentgrass and Annual Bluegrass Tolerance to Ice Coverage, 2001.
# of pages:	103
Pub. Info	Ph.D Dissertation: Pennsylvania State University
Collation	xvi., 86 pp., [1]
Sponsorship	Note: Special thanks for copyright permission granted by Becky (Mrs. George) Hamilton
Keywords	Environmental effects; Agrostis palustris; Poa annua; Ice injury; Carbohydrates; Carbohydrate reserves; Irradiance; Oxygen; Hardening; Temperatures; Total nonstructural carbohydrate content; Bulk density; Particle size; Subsurface air injection; Light intensity
Abstract	"Ice damage to golf courses and other high-maintenance sports turfs is a common problem in the northern United States, Canada, and other cool-climate regions. Beard (1964) suggested that ice damage to turf is the result of oxygen depletion or metabolic by-product build-up and toxification (Beard, 1964). Beard's (1996) other theories include other factors such as ice physical properties (i.e., solid vs. porous) and the duration of ice cover. The objectives of this research focused on determining if several factors associated with plant predisposition and ice coverage affected the carbohydrate concentration and survivability of creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass. The factors evaluated were low irradiance, low oxygen concentrations, plant hardening replenishing the air in the turf-ice interface, selected phases of water (i.e., water, slush), temperature drop rate, and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) concentrations. Another objective was to quantify several ice sheet samples removed from golf course putting greens by determining mean grain sizes and bulk densities. In the first experiment, two selections each of creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass were subjected to four different irradiance and temperature treatments. Treatments were: greenhouse irradiance (684 �umols m^-2 sec^-2) at 21/14 C (day/night temp); florescent/incandescent lamps (266 �umols m^-2 sec^-2) at 18/10C and 10/3 C; and metal halide lamp (114 �umols m^-2 sec^-1) at 18/10C. Plants were subjected to treatments for 35 days and then were harvested and separated into crowns and verdure and analyzed for TNC concetration. Creeping bentgrass crown TNC concentrations were not affected by irradiance/temperature treatments while the annual bluegrass crown concentrations were affected. Creeping bentgrass crowns had significantly higher TNC concentrations than annual bluegrass crowns when exposed to all artificial, low irradiance treatments. The bentgrass verdure TNC concentrations decreased more than annual bluegrass when subjected to reduced irradiance treatments. The second experiment was conducted to determine the effects of low oxygen concentrations on the survival of unhardened creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass. Both species were exposed to 0, 1, and 3% O₂ environments for 35 days in a constant tempereature room maintained at 18/10 C (day/night) with a 16-hr photoperiod at 190 �umols m^-2 sec^-1 irradiance level. Unhardened creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass both had good survival (>60%) to all three treatments. Creeping bentgrass (86%) had significantly higher survival rate compared to annual bluegrass (66%). TNC concentrations of both species were not significantly affected by oxygen concentrations, although a trend of increased TNC concentrations with decreased oxygen concentrations was observed. The third experiment was conducted to determine the effects of air replenishment of the turf/ice interface on the survival of creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass. Both species in a hardened and unhardened condition were capped with a 20 mm thick ice layer that created a 20 mm air space between the ice and turf. The two treatments involved daily injections of fresh air into the vented air space and no air injections. Plants were maintained in a freezer maintained at -4 C and were removed 30, 60, and 90 days after treatments began. Creeping bentgrass had significantly higher survival rates than annual bluegrass. The percent survival averaged across all three removal times for hardened creeping bentgrass, and hardened annual bluegrass was 87 and 17%, respectively. The reduction of survival when comparing hardened versus unhardened was much greater for creeping bentgrass, dropping from 87% survival for hardened plants to 18% for unhardened plants. There was also a strong positive correlation between survival rate and TNC concentrations. The r² value was 0.97 for the linear regression for the average of hardened and unhardened plants of TNC concentration versus percent survival over the three removal times. There were also significant differences in percent survival for the air injection treatments. The plants receiving air injections had a lower survival rate (29%) as compared to plants that were not flushed with air (38%). CO² build up in the non-flushed treatments was also observed. CO² concentrations averaged 460 ppm and 690 ppm for the flushed and non-flushed treatments, respectively. This study indicated the reduction in survival under ice sheets may be due to a reduction of carbohydrates rather than a decrease in oxygen or increase in CO² levels. THe fourth experiment was conducted to determine the effect of carbohydrate concentration, water phase, and temperature drop on the survival of creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass. Carbohydrates were reduced by placing plants in low-light environments for two to three weeks prior to the beginning of the experiment. All plants were placed in test tubes in a programmable low-temperature bath. Two treatments of water and slush were put in their respective tubes and an untreated control (air) was also used. Two temperature drop rate treatments were also used, 0.25 degree C hour^-1 and 1 degree C hour^-1, and temperatures were dropped from -1 to -4 C. Following the temperature drops, the temperature was raised to 4 C, plants were removed from the tubes, and percent survivals determined. Plants in the low-irradiance carbohydrate treatment had significantly lower survival rates than plants in the high-irradiance treatment, 25% and 58%, respectively. The slush and water treatments significantly reduced survival as compared to the air treatment. There was no significant difference in plant survival between the two temperature drop rate treatments. Low irradiance, which decreased TNC concentrations, and the presence of water decreased the survivability of unhardened creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass when exposed to subfreezing temperatures. The final experiment was conducted to quantify the mean grain size and bulk densities of ice samples removed from putting greens. The samples were sized, dimensions and weights measured, and bulk densities calculated. Samples were mounted on glass and reduced to thin layer sections with a microtome. Thin layers were exposed to cross-polarized light and the images recorded. Selected individual grain sizes were outlined and areas determined with Arc-View. Mean grain sizes of the samples were varibale and ranged from 1.3 to 7.9 sq mm, but bulk densities were consistent and ranged from 0.79 to 0.85 g cc^-1. Although the samples were visually different, their bulk densities were similar. This data indicated that visual differences in ice characteristics (i.e., solid, granular, etc.) do not estimate or relate to the bulk density of ice, and presumable permeability. These experiments indicated that ice-related damage was affected by carbohydrate concentrations and the presence of water, and species TNC were affected differentially under reduced irradiance. Creeping bentgrass maintained higher crown carbohydrate concentration than annual bluegrass when subjected to low-irradiance or altered irradiance quality (i.e. shade). This would enable creeping bentgrass to have increased carbohydrate reserves at times when irradiance is reduced (e.g., fall and spring). This would also affect carbohydrate reserve build-up created during hardening. Creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass appeared to have good tolerance to low oxygen environments. Although ice has been shown to be impermeable and restricts inward movement of oxygen, reduction or elimination of oxygen in the atmosphere under ice does not appear to be a main factor affecting turfgrass survival."
Language	English
# of References	71
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 1: Creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass non-structural carbohydrate response to irradiance quantity and quality", p. 14-26, R=114288 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 2: Low oxygen concentrations on creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass survival and total no-structural carbohydrate concentration", p. 27-40, R=114290 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 3: Effects of ice coverage on creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass survival", p. 41-58, R=114291 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 4: Effects of temperature drop and water phase on creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass", p. 59-71, R=114294 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 5: Structural analysis of ice removed from putting greens", p. 72-77, R=114295 click here
Note	Advisor: David R. Huff
Note	Other committee members: Daniel P. Knievel, Peter J. Landschoot, Thomas L. Watschke, Todd A. Sowers, A. J. Turgeon
Note	Date: December 2001
Note	Pictures, b/w
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs
See also	Other items relating to: Dissertations & Theses -- Full-text

Record: 114288
	Item 17 of 84
Mon. Author	Hamilton, George W. Jr.
Affiliation	College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
Title	Creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass non-structural carbohydrate response to irradiance quantity and quality
What it is:	Book chapter
Mono Source	Environmental Factors Affecting Creeping Bentgrass and Annual Bluegrass Tolerance to Ice Coverage, 2001, p. 14-26.
# of pages:	13
Pub. Info	Ph.D Dissertation: Pennsylvania State University
Web URL	Last checked 08/29/2006 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Agrostis palustris; Poa annua; Irradiance; Carbohydrates; Total nonstructural carbohydrate content; Light quality; Temperatures; Cold resistance; Verdure
Abstract	Discusses a study conducted to "determine if selected irradience sources and temperature treatments differentially affected the total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) levels of creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass selection crowns and verdure." Details the maintenance treatments and materials used in this experiment. Results include "distinct visual differences between species after the treatments were completed." States that "the creeping bentgrass plants became elongated under the artificial irradience treatments but maintained prostrate growth and a dark green color." Concludes that "the selected irradience levels did not affect TNC concentrations in creeping bentgrass crowns, but did affect the concentrations of annual bluegrass crowns," stating that "this indicates that for the selections and irradience levels used in this study, creeping bentgrass had the ability to conserve carbohydrates better than annual bluegrass under decreased irradience conditions."
Language	English
# of References	0
See also:	See also unit record, Environmental Factors Affecting Creeping Bentgrass and Annual Bluegrass Tolerance to Ice Coverage, R=81650 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 2: Low oxygen concentrations on creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass survival and total no-structural carbohydrate concentration", p. 27-40, R=114290 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 3: Effects of ice coverage on creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass survival", p. 41-58, R=114291 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 4: Effects of temperature drop and water phase on creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass", p. 59-71, R=114294 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 5: Structural analysis of ice removed from putting greens", p. 72-77, R=114295 click here
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs

Record: 114290
	Item 18 of 84
Mon. Author	Hamilton, George W. Jr.
Affiliation	College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
Title	Low oxygen concentrations on creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass survival and total non-structural carbohydrate concentration
What it is:	Book chapter
Mono Source	Environmental Factors Affecting Creeping Bentgrass and Annual Bluegrass Tolerance to Ice Coverage, 2001, p. 27-40.
# of pages:	14
Pub. Info	Ph.D Dissertation: Pennsylvania State University
Web URL	Last checked 08/29/2006 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Oxygen; Agrostis palustris; Poa annua; Total nonstructural carbohydrate content; Ice injury; Survival; Hardening; Anoxic conditions; Hypoxic; Oxygen requirement
Abstract	Presents research conducted "to determine if low oxygen concentrations affected the survivability of creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass and to determine if the tolerance to low oxygen concentration was dependent on the hardened conditions of the plants...[and] to determine if low oxygen environments affected total non-structural carboyhydrate (TNC) concentrations in the crowns and verdure of creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass." Details the maintenance treatments and methods used in this study. Also mentions a second study "conducted using hardened plant material from field plots maintained as a putting green." Results include "almost 100% survival for all treatments in the first replication" for unhardened plants. Also states that "lower oxygen concentrations may have inhibited severe disease development in other treatments." Also mentions that "the selected levels of oxygen did have a significant affect on the survivability of creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass. The annual bluegrass plants showed the first signs of discoloration caused by the low oxygen concentration." Concludes that "decreasing oxygen concentrations to 4.0% or lower did not affect the TNC levels of creeping bentgrass or annual bluegrass crowns or verdure, although a trend of increasing TNC levels with decreasing oxygen concentrations was observed. Stress due to low carbohydrate levels created by hypoxic or anoxic conditions over a period of 35 days did not appear to be significant."
Language	English
# of References	0
See also:	See also unit record, Environmental Factors Affecting Creeping Bentgrass and Annual Bluegrass Tolerance to Ice Coverage, R=81650 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 1: Creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass non-structural carbohydrate response to irradiance quantity and quality", p. 14-26, R=114288 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 3: Effects of ice coverage on creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass survival", p. 41-58, R=114291 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 4: Effects of temperature drop and water phase on creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass", p. 59-71, R=114294 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 5: Structural analysis of ice removed from putting greens", p. 72-77, R=114295 click here
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs

Record: 114291
	Item 19 of 84
Mon. Author	Hamilton, George W. Jr.
Affiliation	College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
Title	Effects of ice coverage on creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass survival
What it is:	Book chapter
Mono Source	Environmental Factors Affecting Creeping Bentgrass and Annual Bluegrass Tolerance to Ice Coverage, 2001, p. 41-58.
# of pages:	18
Pub. Info	Ph.D Dissertation: Pennsylvania State University
Web URL	Last checked 08/29/2006 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Ice injury; Agrostis palustris; Poa annua; Survival; Cold resistance; Carbon dioxide; Ice cover; Hardening; Verdure; Total nonstructural carbohydrate content; Subsurface air injection
Abstract	Discusses turf damage caused by ice coverage. Presents a study conducted to "(1) determine the differences between creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass tolerances to ice coverage; (2) determine if flushing the turf-ice air inter-space with air could affect survivability; and (3) determine if CO₂ accumulated under the ice." Details the maintenance treatments used in the experiment, stating that "the annual bluegrass was selected from a putting green...[and] 'Penncross' and 'Penn A-5' were removed from a 3-yr-old field plots maintained as putting greens." Reports that "after removal and thawing, the unhardened plants of both species appeared green and alive at all three removal times. Many of the unhardened bentgrass plants showed signs of growth after one or two days in the greenhouse. However, this early growth usually did not continue, and the majority of healthy-looking tillers turned brown and lost turgor after three or four days in the greenhouse." Also reports that "the hardened plants of both species appeared light or dark brown, the same as when the experiment began. The verdure of most plants not receiving air injection was dry, and some plants receiving air injection were wet." Mentions "a positive association between survival and [total non-structural carbohydrate] TNC level for hardened and unhardened plants." Concludes that "creeping bentgrass demonstrated an increased tolerance to ice coverage compared to annual bluegrass," stating that "there was a strong linear relationship between percent survival and TNC levels. This relationship may indicate that plants that have increased carbohydrate storage capacity...and/or lower respiration rates during dormancy have an increased chance of survival during long periods of reduced photosynthesis."
Language	English
# of References	0
See also:	See also unit record, Environmental Factors Affecting Creeping Bentgrass and Annual Bluegrass Tolerance to Ice Coverage, R=81650 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 1: Creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass non-structural carbohydrate response to irradiance quantity and quality", p. 14-26, R=114288 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 2: Low oxygen concentrations on creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass survival and total no-structural carbohydrate concentration", p. 27-40, R=114290 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 4: Effects of temperature drop and water phase on creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass", p. 59-71, R=114294 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 5: Structural analysis of ice removed from putting greens", p. 72-77, R=114295 click here
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs

Record: 114294
	Item 20 of 84
Mon. Author	Hamilton, George W. Jr.
Affiliation	College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
Title	Effects of temperature drop and water phase on creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass
What it is:	Book chapter
Mono Source	Environmental Factors Affecting Creeping Bentgrass and Annual Bluegrass Tolerance to Ice Coverage, 2001, p. 59-71.
# of pages:	13
Pub. Info	Ph.D Dissertation: Pennsylvania State University
Web URL	Last checked 08/29/2006 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Temperatures; Agrostis palustris; Poa annua; Crown hydration; Total nonstructural carbohydrate content; Survival; Carbohydrates; Cold resistance; Ice cover; Ice injury; Water stress
Abstract	Presents a study conducted to "determine if the [total non-structural carboyhydtrate] TNC concentrations induce by low irradience and/or water phase (i.e. water or slush) affects the survivability of creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass to cold temperatures and ice coverage." Describes the maintenance treatments used in the experiment, stating that "plots were maintained as a putting green, and plugs were removed from plots with an 18-mm diameter sampling tube to a depth of 27 mm." Reports that "during the tiller separation and planting to determine percent survivals, the tillers subjected to water and slush were very fragile and lacked turgor. Many of the tillers had the stems easily pulled out of the sheaths. The slush treated plants displayed more of these tissue damage characteristics than the water treated plants. The air treated plants did not appear structurally damaged in any way." Concludes that "severe ice damage may not be caused by just a break in dormancy or crown tissue hydration. The presence of unbound water appeared to significantly increase freezing damage. Even though the plants examined were fully hydrated, water and slush were found to decrease survival. This indicated that plants submerged in water, even for short periods of time...may become over-hydrated and much more susceptible to freeze-related stress."
Language	English
# of References	0
See also:	See also unit record, Environmental Factors Affecting Creeping Bentgrass and Annual Bluegrass Tolerance to Ice Coverage, R=81650 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 1: Creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass non-structural carbohydrate response to irradiance quantity and quality", p. 14-26, R=114288 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 2: Low oxygen concentrations on creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass survival and total no-structural carbohydrate concentration", p. 27-40, R=114290 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 3: Effects of ice coverage on creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass survival", p. 41-58, R=114291 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 5: Structural analysis of ice removed from putting greens", p. 72-77, R=114295 click here
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs

Record: 114295
	Item 21 of 84
Mon. Author	Hamilton, George W. Jr.
Affiliation	College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
Title	Structural analysis of ice removed from putting greens
What it is:	Book chapter
Mono Source	Environmental Factors Affecting Creeping Bentgrass and Annual Bluegrass Tolerance to Ice Coverage, 2001, p. 72-77.
# of pages:	6
Pub. Info	Ph.D Dissertation: Pennsylvania State University
Web URL	Last checked 08/29/2006 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Golf greens; Ice cover; Bulk density; Ice; Particle size; Permeability; Temperatures
Abstract	Presents a study conducted to "select visually different (i.e. solid vs. granular) ice samples from putting greens and compare their average mean grain sizes to their bulk densities." Details the removal of ice from selected putting greens, stating that "a concrete saw was used to cut approximately 30 by 30 cm sections of ice. The ice was pulled from the surface and placed in [plastic] bags in portable coolers and stored in a -30 C freezer." Results include "all ice samples removed from the six putting greens had bulk densities of 0.82 g cc^-1 or higher. Bulk densities in this range are considered very dense and impermeable to air movement." Concludes that "even though ice may appear to be porous or semi-permeable, appearance is not a valid parameter to gauge density or permeability."
Language	English
# of References	0
See also:	See also unit record, Environmental Factors Affecting Creeping Bentgrass and Annual Bluegrass Tolerance to Ice Coverage, R=81650 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 1: Creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass non-structural carbohydrate response to irradiance quantity and quality", p. 14-26, R=114288 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 2: Low oxygen concentrations on creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass survival and total no-structural carbohydrate concentration", p. 27-40, R=114290 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 3: Effects of ice coverage on creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass survival", p. 41-58, R=114291 click here
See also:	See also chapter record, "Chapter 4: Effects of temperature drop and water phase on creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass", p. 59-71, R=114294 click here
Note	Pictures, b/w
Note	Graphs

Record: 81713
	Item 22 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W. Jr.; Huff, D. R.; Landschoot, P. J.; Watschke, T. L.; Knievel, D. P.
Affiliation	Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Title	Environmental factors affecting creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass tolerance to ice coverage
Section:	Cultivar development and soil fumigant evaluations
Source	2001 Annual Research Report [Penn State]. 2001, p. 23-25.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	[University Park, PA]: Center for Turfgrass Science, The Pennsylvania State University
Web URL	Last checked 03/2004 Requires: Adobe Acrobat. Notes: Document is within a single large file.
Abstract	"Ice damage to golf courses and other high-maintenance sports turfs is a common problem in the northern United States, Canada, and other cool-climate regions. Beard (1964) suggested that ice damage to turf is the result of oxygen depletion or metabolic by-product build-up and toxification (Beard, 1964). Beard's (1996) other theories include other factors such as ice physical properties (i.e., solid vs. porous) and the duration of ice cover. The objectives of this research focused on determining if several factors associated with plant predisposition and ice coverage affected the carbohydrate concentration and survivability of creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass. The factors evaluated were low irradiance, low oxygen concentrations, plant hardening replenishing the air in the turf-ice interface, selected phases of water (i.e., water, slush), temperature drop rate, and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) concentrations. Another objective was to quantify several ice sheet samples removed from golf course putting greens by determining mean grain sizes and bulk densities. In the first experiment, two selections each of creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass were subjected to four different irradiance and temperature treatments. Treatments were: greenhouse irradiance (684 �mols m^-2 sec^-2) at 21/14 C (day/ night temp); florescent/ incandescent lamps (266 �mols m^-2 sec^-2) at 18/10 C and 10/3 C; and metal halide lamp (114 �mols m^-2 sec^-1) at 18/10 C. Plants were subjected to treatments for 35 days and then were harvested and separated into crowns and verdure and analyzed for TNC concentration. Creeping bentgrass crown TNC concentrations were not affected by irradiance/ temperature treatments while the annual bluegrass crown concentrations were affected. Creeping bentgrass crowns had significantly higher TNC concentrations than annual bluegrass crowns when exposed to all artificial, low irradiance treatments. The bentgrass verdure TNC concentrations decreased more than annual bluegrass when subjected to reduced irradiance treatments. The second experiment was conducted to determine the effects of low oxygen concentrations on the survival of unhardened creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass. Both species were exposed to 0, 1, and 3% O₂ enviroments for 35 days in a constant temperature room maintained at 18/10 C (day/ night) with a 16-hr photoperiod at 90 �mols m^-2 sec ^-1 irradiance level. Unhardened creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass both had good survival (> 60%) to all three treatments. Creeping bentgrass (86%) had a significantly higher survival rate compared to annual bluegrass (66%). TNC concentrations of both species wre not significantly affected by oxygen concentrations, although a trend of increased TNC concentrations with decreased oxygen concentrations was observed. The third experiment was conducted to determine the effects of air replenishment of the turf/ ice interface on the survival of creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass. Both species in a hardened and unhardened condition were capped with a 20 mm thick ice layer that created a 20 mm air space between the ice and turf. The two treatments involved daily injections of fresh air into the vented space and no air injections. Plants were maintained in a freezer maintained at -4 C and were removed 30, 60, and 90 days after treatments began. Creeping bentgrass had significantly higher survival rates than annual bluegrass. The percent survival averaged across all three removal times for hardened creeping bentgrass, and hardened annual bluegrass was 87 and 17%, respectively. The reduction of survival when comparing hardened versus unhardened was much greater for creeping bentgrass, dropping from 87% survival for hardened plants to 18% for unhardened plants. There was also a strong postive correlation between survival rate and TNC concentrations. The r² value was 0.97 for the linear regression for the average of hardened and unhardened plants of TNC concentration versus percent survival over the three removal times. There was also significant differences in percent survival for the air injection treatments. The plants receiving air injections had a lower survival rate (29%) as compared to plants that were not flushed with air (38%). CO₂ build up in the non-flushed treatments was also observed. CO₂ concentrations averaged 460 ppm and 690 ppm for the flushed and non-flushed treatments, respectively. This study indicated the reduction in survival under ice sheets may be due to a reduction of carbohydrates rather than a decrease in oxygen or increase in CO₂ levels. The fourth experiment was conducted to determine the effect of carbohydrate concentration, water phase, and temperature drop on the survival of creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass. Carbohydrates wre reduced by placing plants in low-light enviroments for two to three weeks prior to the beginning of the experiment. All plants were placed in test tubes in a programmable low-temperature bath. Two treatments of water and slush were put in their respective tubes and an untreated control (air) was also used. Two temperature drop rate treatments were also used, 0.25 degree C hour^-1 and 1 degree C hour^-1, and temperatures were dropped from -1 to -4 C. Following the temperature drops, the temperature was raised to 4 C, plants were removed from the tubes, and percent survivals determined. Plants in the low-irradiance carbohydrate treatment had significantly lower survival rates than plants in the high-irradiance treatment, 25% and 58% respectively. The slush and water treatments significantly reduced survival as compared to the air treatment. There was no significant difference in plant survival between the two temperature drop rate treatments. Low irradiance, which decreased TNC concentrations, and the presence of water decreased the survivability of unhardened creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass when exposed to subfreezing temperatures. The final experiment was conducted to quantify the mean grain size and bulk densities of ice samples removed from putting greens. The samples were sized, dimensions and weights measured, and bulk densities calculated. Samples were mounted on glass and reduced to thin layer sections with a microtome. Thin layers were exposed to cross-polarized lights and the images recorded. Selected individual grain sizes were outlined and areas determined with Arc-View. Mean grain sizes of the samples were variable and ranged from 1.3 to 7.9 sq mm, but bulk densities were consistent and ranged from 0.79 to 0.85 g cc^-1. Although the samples were visually different, their bulk densities were similar. This data indicated that visual differences in ice characteristics (i.e., solid, granular, etc.) do not estimate or relate to the bulk density of the ice, and presumably permeability. These experiments indicated that ice-related damage was affected by carbohydrate concentrations and the presence of water, and species TNC were affected differentially under reduced irradiance. Creeping bentgrass maintained higher crown carbohydrate concentration than annual bluegrass when subjected to low-irradiance or altered irradiance quality (i.e. shade). This would enable creeping bentgrass to have increased carbohydrate reserves at times when irradiance is reduced (e.g., fall and spring). This would also affect carbohydrate reserve build-up created during hardening. Creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass appeared to have good tolerance to low-oxygen enviroments. Although ice has been shown to be impermeable and restricts inward movement of oxygen, reduction or elimination of oxygen in the atmosphere under ice does not appear to be a main factor affecting turfgrass survival."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!

Record: 71430
	Item 23 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, George Jr.
Affiliation	Center for Turfgrass Science, Pennsylvania State University
Title	Factors affecting sprayer coverage
Meeting Info.	East Lansing, MI: January 15-18, 2001
Source	Proceedings of the 71st Annual Michigan Turfgrass Conference. Vol. 30, 2001, p. 88-90.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University
Web URL	Last checked 03/02/2009 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Sprayers; Equipment; Spraying equipment; Nozzles; Application rates; Agrostis palustris; Golf course maintenance equipment; Application methods; Golf greens; Golf courses; Comparisons; Diquat; Color; Pesticide application; Sprayer calibration
Cultivar names:	Penncross
Abstract	Discusses calibration and nozzle tip selection for sprayers. Presents a study evaluting several nozzle tip designs. Diquat was sprayed on an experimental golf green and turf color was assessed to provide sprayer tip efficiency data. Results show that the spray tips "perform differently at various pressures and delivery rates...in many cases, plots treated with the spray tips that produced a fine to medium droplet size provided significantly lower color rating that plots treated with tips that produced a coarse droplet size, especially when the coarse droplet tips were used at low pressure."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Reprint appears in The Turf Line News, Vol. 165, October/November 2001, p. 36-37

Record: 71438
	Item 24 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, George Jr.
Affiliation	Center for Turfgrass Science, Pennsylvania State University
Title	The key to successful applications - spreader calibration
Meeting Info.	East Lansing, MI: January 15-18, 2001
Source	Proceedings of the 71st Annual Michigan Turfgrass Conference. Vol. 30, 2001, p. 103-105.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University
Web URL	Last checked 03/02/2009 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Pesticide application; Spreaders; Equipment; Fertilization; Granular formulations; Drop spreaders; Fertilizer spreader pattern; Uniformity; Spreader calibration
Abstract	Discusses the use of spreaders for granular formulations of fertilizers and pesticides. Addresses the determination of spreader pattern uniformity and spreader calibration.
Language	English
# of References	0

Record: 73777
	Item 25 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, George W. Jr.
Affiliation	Senior Lecturer, Center for Turfgrass Science, Penn State University
Title	Too many turf students?
Column name:	Viewpoint
What it is:	Editorial
Source	Golf Course Management. Vol. 69, No. 7, July 2001, p. 144.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Lawrence, KS: Golf Course Superintendents Association of America
Web URL	Last checked 09/30/2008 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Education; Hiring practices; GCSAA; Business operations; Golf industry trends; Golf Course Superintendents; Labor supply
Abstract	Discusses the concern of too many turfgrass students, stating that ""the number of schools offering some type of turfgrass education has probably doubled in the last 10 to 15 years" but that almost none of the overabundance of job applicants for openings are recent college graduates. States that the flood of applicants has instead "been created from the expansion of the hierarchy withing the golf course management industry. Superintendent's responsibilities have significantly increased and have become more diverse in the last 10 to 20 years. This has created more management positions requiring education, including various levels of assistants and technicians. Many golf courses now have several people on staff with similar educations, as compared to a decade ago when there may have been, at most, one or two college-educated people on a staff." Also states that "for the most part, the lack of industry-developed titles and job descriptions has created the 'flood'. Job titles are being used and abused to entice and retain employees. So when a superintendent's job is advertised, many 'assistant superintendent's' apply. These applicants' experience can range from foreman to superintendent. Not all have the title of assistant superintendent. Those that have this title may have it further described as 'first assistant', 'second assistant', etc. It becomes obvious that not all 'assistants' are created equal in terms of education, experience and duties."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color

Record: 66172
	Item 26 of 84
Mon. Author	Sweeney, Patty; Hamilton, George; Danneberger, Karl
Affiliation	Sweeney - Department of Horticulture and Crop Science - Ohio State University; Hamilton - Department of Agronomy - Pennsylvania State University; Danneberger - Department of Horticulture and Crop Science - Ohio State University
What it is:	Booklet
Monograph	Factors Affecting Green Speed, 2000.
# of pages:	7
Pub. Info	Ohio State University : Pennsylvania State University
Collation	[7]
Web URL	Last checked 04/20/2009 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Golf green speed; Surface smoothness; Stimpmeter; Cultural methods
Abstract	"In golf, successfully managed greens are often associated with speed. Speed alone, however, does not symbolize a good or healthy golf green. Several components are essential to an ideal putting surface and influence green speed. Resiliency, uniformity, smoothness, and firmness contribute to overall green speed. A Stimpmeter measures ball roll distance (BRD) and is used to quanitfy green speed. Althought the Stimpmeter is a much maligned device, used properly it can be a helpful tool in keeping green speeds consistant. The United States Golf Association (USGA) classification of green speed is based on Stimpmeter measurements." Includes : Mowing height; Mowing frequency; Grain control; Fertility; Thatch; Rolling; Golf shoe tread type; Summary of management practices that influence green speed; Conclusion. Acknowledgements included.
Language	English
# of References	5
Note	Pictures, color
Note	Graphs
Note	Includes Table "USGA Classification of Green Speed"
See also	Other items relating to: Golf Green Speed

Record: 72927
	Item 27 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W.; Woodring, J. W.
Affiliation	Department of Agronomy, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Title	The effects of perk on yield and color of Kentucky bluegrass
Section:	Species competition, soil amendments, and fertilizer evaluations
Source	2000 Annual Research Report [Penn State]. 2000, p. 44-46.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	[University Park, PA]: Center for Turfgrass Science, The Pennsylvania State University
Web URL	Last checked 03/2004 Requires: Adobe Acrobat. Notes: Document is within a single large file.
Keywords	Perk; Ammonium nitrate; Nitrogen fertilizers; Iron; Manganese; Color; Ammonium sulfate; Color; Yield response; Poa pratensis
Abstract	Presents a study "to compare the efects of Perk ['a new ammoniacal nitrogen based fertilizer that also contains iron and manganese'] and ammonium sulfate on the color and yield of Kentucky bluegrass." Results include "there were significant differences in color between treatments 7 and 14 days after application. Sevel days after teratment, Perk at 0.4 lbs N/1,000 sq ft provided the best color; and Perk at 0.2 lbs N/1,000 sq ft was equivalent to ammonium sulfate at 0.4 lbs N/1,000 sq ft and significantly better than ammonium sulfate at 0.2 and the untreated control. Fourteen days after treatment, only Perk at 0.2 lbs and ammonium sulfate at 0.4 lbs were significantly better than the untreated control. There were no significant differences in color between treatments 21 days after application. There were no significant diferences in yield between treatments on any of the four rating dates. The lack of differences for yield may be the result of low application rates of nitrogen."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs

Record: 69624
	Item 28 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, George
Affiliation	Senior Lecturer of Turfgrass Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA
Title	Understanding spreaders for large-area applications
Column name:	Equipment options
Source	Grounds Maintenance. Vol. 35, No. 9, September 2000, p. 40, 42-44.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	Overland Park, KS: Intertec Publishing Corporation
Web URL	Last checked 09/2005
Keywords	Application methods; Spreaders; Product profile; Equipment; Uniformity; Equipment maintenance; Spreader calibration
Abstract	Profiles various granular spreaders for pesticide and fertilizer applications. Describes the difference between spinner and pendulum spreaders, and describes how to determine spreader pattern uniformity and how to calibrate large-area spreaders.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color

Record: 68431
	Item 29 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, George Jr.
Affiliation	Senior Lecturer, Turfgrass Science, Pennsylvania State University
Title	New mulches for renovation projects
Section:	Main events
Source	SportsTURF. Vol. 16, No. 9, September 2000, p. 21-23.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	Riverton, NJ: Adams Publishing Co.
Web URL	Last checked 03/09/2009 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Sports turf; Athletic fields; Renovation; Mulching; Soil water relations; Mulches; Application methods; Seeding; Soil moisture; Paper mulch; Straw
Abstract	Discusses mulching while renovating and repairing athletic fields, addressing the benefits of mulching. Also discusses conventional mulches, new pelleted paper mulches, athletic field applications, and methods of application.
Language	English
# of References	0

Record: 62686
	Item 30 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W.; Waddington, D. V.
Affiliation	Hamilton: senior lecturer of turfgrass science; Waddington: professor emeritus of soil science, Department of Agronomy, Pennsylvania State University
Title	Infiltration rates on residential lawns in central Pennsylvania
Section:	Research
Source	Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. Vol. 54, No. 3, Third Quarter 1999, p. 564-568.
# of pages:	5
Pub. Info	Ankeny, IA: Soil and Water Conservation Society
Web URL	Last checked 11/21/2008 Access conditions: Document is within a limited-access website. Notes: Article appears as abstract only.
Keywords	Infiltration; Lawn turf; Absorption rate; Quality; Maintenance intensity; Bulk density; Particle size; Organic matter; Tiller density; Thatch accumulation; Environmental factors; Site factors; Infiltrometer; Soil properties; Soil age; Pennsylvania
Abstract	"Home lawns account for a large portion of the pervious segments of urbanized watersheds. Soil movement and compaction during building construction processes alter soil physical properties, and thus, change hydrologic characteristics of the area. This research quantified the infiltration rates of 15 home lawns in central Pennsylvania and correlated the infiltration rates with selected turf and soil characteristics. Average infiltration rates ranged from 0.4 to 10.0 cm/hr (0.16 to 3.94in/hr). Correlations with grass tiller density, soil bulk density, and percentages of sand, silt, and clay were not significant. Excavation procedures and lawn establishment methods appear to affect infiltration of home lawns more than any other factors."
Language	English
# of References	13
Note	Figures
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs

Record: 64250
	Item 31 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W.
Affiliation	Department of Agronomy, Penn State University
Title	The effects of crumb rubber on the density and surface hardness of perennial ryegrass
Section:	Soil modification
Source	1999 Annual Research Report [Penn State]. 1999, p. 17-19.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	[University Park, PA]: Center for Turfgrass Science, The Pennsylvania State University
Web URL	Last checked 03/2004 Requires: Adobe Acrobat. Notes: Document is within a single large file.
Keywords	Rubber; Wear resistance; Stress; Lolium perenne; Traffic; Density; Surface hardness; Topdressings; Application rates
Abstract	Discusses a study designed to evaluate crumb rubber "as a material for topdressing turfgrass sites to increase turfgrass wear tolerance." Results indicate that the crumb rubber "did not have any significant effect on the density of a perennial ryegrass turf under simulated traffic." Results also show that "the crumb rubber treatments did not significantly increase the surface hardness of the turf on two of the three rating dates."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, b/w
Note	Figures
Note	Tables
See also	Other items relating to: Crumb rubber as a soil amendment

Record: 64252
	Item 32 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W.
Affiliation	Department of Agronomy, Penn State University
Title	A procedure to evaluate golf shoe tread types
Section:	Management
Source	1999 Annual Research Report [Penn State]. 1999, p. 20-22.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	[University Park, PA]: Center for Turfgrass Science, The Pennsylvania State University
Web URL	Last checked 03/2004 Requires: Adobe Acrobat. Notes: Document is within a single large file.
Keywords	Golf shoes; Spikeless golf shoes; Trampling; Measurement; Root zone mixture; Golf greens; Traffic; Surface hardness; Root zone; Organic matter
Abstract	Discusses a study designed "to develop a procedure which could be used to evaluate the effect of golf shoe tread type on putting quality." States that "three significantly different sole designs were used...to provide the best chance to create putting quality variations," including metal spikes, DS-1 spikes and molded soft-spike outsoles. A mechanical putter was used to minimize variability in ball roll. Results indicate that "the mechanical putter and procedure developed in this study appear to be appropriate to evaluate the effects of shoe tread type on putting quality."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs

Record: 57870
	Item 33 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, George W.; Snelsire, Eric
Affiliation	Hamilton: Senior Lecturer, Turfgrass Science, Pennsylvania State University; Snelsire: Research Technician, Pennsylvania State University
Title	Matching mowers' cutting heights: Clipping yields and computer calculations deternime proper bench settings
Section:	Research
Source	Golf Course Management. Vol. 67, No. 3, March 1999, p. 49-51.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	Lawrence, KS: Golf Course Superintendents Association of America
Web URL	Last checked 09/30/2008 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Mowers; Mowing height; Comparisons; Clipping weight; Walking greens mowers; Riding mowers
Abstract	Reviews research conducted to develop a procedure that will help determine the appropriate bench-set height on a mower to obtain the correct effective height. Mower performance was determined by collecting and weighing clippings from plots on a research green of creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass. Results of the trial include: greens mowers cut at heights different from their bench-set heights, walk-behind mowers cut lower than riding mowers, and mowing heights differed between manufacturers. The study has allowed analysts to develop equations (using clipping yield data) which allow superintendents to match cutting heights of walking and riding mowers.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
Note	Graphs

Record: 62269
	Item 34 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, George W.
Affiliation	Senior Lecturer, Turfgrass Science, Pennsylvania State University
Title	New mulch technology for turfgrass establishment: Golf courses can use weed-free mulch pellets for seedling establishment
Section:	Research
Source	Golf Course Management. Vol. 67, No. 10, October 1999, p. 53-55.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	Lawrence, KS: Golf Course Superintendents Association of America
Keywords	Turfgrass establishment; Golf courses; Mulches; Mulching; Crop residues; Fibre plants; Paper mulch; Comparisons; Poa pratensis
Abstract	Discusses and compares different mulches available for use of turfgrass: crop residues (straw and hay); hydraulic fiber mulches; and a new option, pelletized paper.
Language	English
# of References	5
Note	Pictures, color
Note	Graphs
Note	Reprint appears in Hole Notes, Vol. 30, No. 9, November 1999, p. 11, 13

Record: 64253
	Item 35 of 84
Authors	Huff, David R.; Knapp, Roy; Witmer, Rhonda; Dobson, Kim; Lyons, Eric; Hamilton, George
Affiliation	Department of Agronomy, Penn State University
Title	Cultivar development and extreme temperature tolerance of greens-type Poa annua L.
Section:	Management
Source	1999 Annual Research Report [Penn State]. 1999, p. 23-26.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	[University Park, PA]: Center for Turfgrass Science, The Pennsylvania State University
Web URL	Last checked 03/2004 Requires: Adobe Acrobat. Notes: Document is within a single large file.
Keywords	Poa annua; Golf greens; Golf green construction; Golf green renovation; Golf green maintenance; Temperature stress; Germplasm; Breeding; Nematoda; Nematode control; Seed production; Genetics; Ice; Ecotypes; Roots; Cold resistance; Cultivar evaluation; Ice cover; Ice injury; Regional variation; Agrostis; Change of state; Freezing; Thawing
Abstract	Discusses a project designed "to develop techniques to screen large numbers of germplasm accessions for tolerances to extreme temperatures and coverages by sheets of ice, and thereby attempt to aid the breeding program to improve the adaptation of greens-type Poa annua cultivars within regions of intended use." Addresses five areas of the project currently in progress, including assessing the relative low-temperature tolerance among ecotypes, assessing the relative survival of Poa and bentgrass given a cycling of freeze-thaw conditions, determining the artificial conditions for assessing heat tolerance among ecotypes, determining the artificial conditions necessary for assessing ice coverage tolerance among ecotypes, and examining the root dynamics of ecotypes throughout the seasons and during periods of extreme temperature stress.
Language	English
# of References	0

Record: 54040
	Item 36 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W.; Gregory, J. M.; Paulisich, A. M.
Affiliation	Hamiliton: Senior Lecturer, Turfgrass Science, Pennsylvania State University; Gregory and Paulisich: Research Assistants, Pennsylvania State University
Title	Comparison of fertilizer spreaders: Broadcast spreaders vary in their patterns of distribution
Section:	Research
Source	Golf Course Management. Vol. 66, No. 9, September 1998, p. 62-64.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	Lawrence, KS: Golf Course Superintendents Association of America
Keywords	Spreaders; Granular fertilizers; Comparisons; Application methods; Broadcast spreading; Distribution; Application rates
Abstract	Presents the results of a study comparing four different models of fertilizer spreaders. Describes the output pattern produced by each spreader and uniformity. Concludes that "material densities and application rates significantly affect distribution patterns of rotary and pendulum spreaders. Spreader distribution patterns should be accurately characterized to determine the appropriate overlaps and hopper settings needed for the application setting."
Language	English
# of References	7
Note	Pictures, color
Note	Graphs

Record: 55852
	Item 37 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W.; Gregos, J. S.; Tredway, L. P.; Gover, A. E.
Affiliation	Agronomy Department, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
Title	Pelletized paper as a mulch for turfgrass establishment
Section:	Physical turf attributes and construction methods and materials: Contributed papers
Meeting Info.	Sydney, Australia: 1997
Source	International Turfgrass Society Research Journal. Vol. 8, No. Part 1, 1997, p. 101-107.
# of pages:	7
Pub. Info	Blacksburg, VA: International Turfgrass Society
Web URL	Last checked 09/29/2008 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Paper mulch; Turfgrass establishment; Straw mulches; Application rates; Poa pratensis; Clipping weight; Tillers (vegetative); Dry weight
Abstract	"Mulches are used in turfgrass establishment to decrease the germination time, support uniform seedling development, and decrease the potential for soil erosion. A new pelletized paper mulch developed at Penn State University utilizes recycled paper as a base and is pelletized to provide easy application and handling. This mulch contains a 1-3-1 starter fertilizer and is weed free. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of various rates of pelletized paper mulch and straw mulch on the establishment of Kentucky bluegrass. 'Merit' Kentucky bluegrass was established on a silt loam soil and seeded at 122 kg/ha. Three rates of straw were included in the test, each with and without starter fertilizer to provide a total of six treatments. The fertilizer rates were equivalent to that provided in the pelletized paper mulch treatments. Clipping yields were removed from the field studies with a 51 cm wide reel mower set at 18 mm height, 30 and 44 days after seeding and were dried and weighed. In the greenhouse studies tillers were counted and the above-ground tissue was removed 38 and 28 days after seeding, dried, and weighed. Data was subjected to analysis of variance and treatment means were separated using Fisher's Protected LSD test. The pelletized paper mulch provided yields, tiller counts and weights similar to those of straw. The pelletized paper provided mulching effects equivalent to that of straw."
Language	English
# of References	8
Note	Tables

Record: 39897
	Item 38 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W. Jr.; Gregos, J. S.; Gean, D. R.; Gover, A. E.
Affiliation	Hamilton: Senior Lecturer, Turfgrass Science, Pennsylvania State University; Gregos and Gean: Research Assistants Pennsylvania State University; Gover: Supervisor, Penn State's Landscape Management Research Center, Pennsylvania State University
Title	Golf shoe treads affect putting green quality: Spikeless shoes cause least wear on turf; metal spikes wear hardest on sand-based greens
Section:	Research
Source	Golf Course Management. Vol. 65, No. 4, April 1997, p. 53-56.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	Lawrence, KS: Golf Course Superintendents Association of America
Keywords	Spikeless golf shoes; Quality; Injuries; Wear; Golf shoes; Traffic; Traction; Injurious factors; Root zone; Compaction; Ball roll; Thatch
Abstract	"In an effort to measure the effects of the new golf shoe treads, two studies were conducted in 1996 at Pennsylvania State University. Researchers evaluated the effects of three tread types on putting-green turf wear, ball-roll distance and ball-roll deflection. On an all-sand root zone, metal spikes caused significantly more wear than a soft-plastic cleat and the spikeless tread. On a modified-soil green, both metal and plastic performed similarly and produced significantly more turf wear than a spikeless shoe. The various shoe tread types also affected ball roll distance, but caused no significant change in the direction of ball roll."
Language	English
# of References	3
Note	Pictures, color
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs

Record: 41148
	Item 39 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, George
Affiliation	Senior lecturer of Turfgrass Science and a Technical Advisor to the Golf Course Turfgrass Management Program at Penn State University
Title	Establishing an intern program
Source	USGA Green Section Record. Vol. 35, No. 6, November/December 1997, p. 5-6.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Far Hills, NJ: United States Golf Association, Green Section
Web URL	Last checked 10/2002 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Internships; Education; Staff training; Golf course crew; Professional development; Extension programs
Abstract	Underscores the importance for both golf course superintendents and turfgrass students to engage in internships, highlighting the benefits for both participants in the ever expanding turfgrass/golf industry. Includes information on accomodations (i.e. room and board) for internship programs as well as some considerations in program structure. Also includes tips on recruiting.
Available?	also on the USGA CD-ROM set
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Reprinted in Hole Notes, July, 1998, vol.29, num. 5, p. 22
Note	Reprinted in Turf Line News, December, 1997, vol.143, p.35
Note	Reprinted in A Patch of Green, Summer 1998, pp. 15-16
Note	Pictures, color

Record: 39653
	Item 40 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, George W. Jr.; Sinkus, D. S.; Livingston, D. W.; Borger, J. A.
Affiliation	Hamilton: Instructor, Turfgrass Science, Department of Agronomy, Pennsylvania State University; Sinkus: Research Assistant; Livingston: Research Technologist; Borger: Research Support Technician
Title	Finer sprayer nozzles cover turf better: Chemical drift is less likely with large droplets, but treatments may be spotty
Source	Golf Course Management. Vol. 65, No. 1, January 1997, p. 58-61.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	Lawrence, KS: Golf Course Superintendents Association of America
Web URL	Last checked 09/30/2008 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Nozzles; Application; Agrostis palustris; Controlled droplet applicators; Spraying equipment; Spraying methods; Pesticide application
Abstract	Discusses the options of turf-spraying and the fact that the necessary equipment is constantly changing. Describes a study at Pennsylvania State University that researched the effects of different spray tips on a 17 year old creeping bentgrass, agrostis palustris. Lists the results, which showed that the selection of sprayer tips, pressure and delivery rate have significant effects on the coverage type one can expect, and presents a discussion on the impact on management.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
Note	Tables

Record: 21784
	Item 41 of 84
Mon. Author	Hamilton, George W. Jr.
Affiliation	Agronomy Department, Pennsylvania State University
What it is:	Thesis
Monograph	Infiltration Rates on Experimental and Residential Lawns, 1990.
# of pages:	103
Pub. Info	M.S. Thesis: Pennsylvania State University
Collation	xiii, 90 pp.
Web URL	Last checked 11/30/2005 Requires: Adobe Acrobat. Notes: [Entire thesis].
Sponsorship	Note: Special thanks for copyright permission granted by Becky (Mrs. George) Hamilton
Keywords	Surface runoff; Infiltration; Lawn turf; Soil water movement; Physical properties of soil; Turfgrass quality; Sodding; Seeding; Comparisions; Tiller density; Thatch accumulation; Bulk density; Pore space; Urban soils; Watersheds; Pore space; Visual evaluation; Mulches; Organic matter; Particle size; Soil water content; Soil moisture; Earthworms
Abstract	"Watersheds are severely affected by the urban development of land. Urbanization affects the hydrology of an area more than any other change in land use in that it changes the ratio of impervious area to pervious area. The effects of the increased impervious areas have been well studied and documented. Many of the pervious fractions in urban areas are in the form of lawns that are planted with grass, and research is needed on these areas to better characterize the hydrology of urban watersheds. The objective of this research was to characterize certain lawn conditions (tiler density, thatch thickness, bulk density, pore space, quality) and correlate tham with the infiltration rates on these lawns. Residential and experimental lawns were used in the experiments. Fifteen residential lawns located in the State College area were evaluated in one experiment 1. In a second experiment, three methods were used to establish lawn-type turf at the Landscape Management Research Center; they were sod, seed with mulch, and seed without mulch. Infiltration rates were determined on these plots four times during the course of the experiment. Infiltration measurements were made with double ring infiltrometers utilizing a modified Marriotte bottle system to deliver water to the rings. Other measured characteristics were bulk density, soil particle size distribution, soil organic matter content, antecedent soil moisture, plant density, thatch thickness, and turfgrass quality. Infiltration rates were extremely variable in both experiments. Over the 18-month test on the experimental lawns, rates varied from 0.4 to 114.8, o.6 to 141.5, and 0.0 to 48.2 cm/hr for the sod, seed with mulch, and seed without mulch treatments, respectively. There was no significant treatment effect and the correlations between infiltration rate and the other measured characteristics were low. The average infiltration rates for the home lawns ranged from 0.4 to 10.0 cm/hr, with 66% of the lawns having an average rate below 3.0 cm/hr. Correlations between infiltration rate and the other measured characteristics were low. In conclusion, infiltration rates of turfgrass sites were found to be highly variable. Correlations between infiltration and turfgrass quality and some soil physical properties are low. It was concluded that poor soil structural conditions, due to site preparation, may be limiting infiltration on home lawns. Also, earthworms may be partially responsible for the variability in infiltration on home lawns and experimental plots."
Language	English
# of References	61
Note	Advisors: Donald Waddington and Thomas Watschke
Note	"August 1990"
Note	Includes list of figures, p. viii
Note	Includes appendices, p. 70-90
Note	Tables
Note	Figures
See also	Other items relating to: Dissertations & Theses -- Full-text

Record: 26148
	Item 42 of 84
Authors	Watschke, T. L.; Harrison, S.; Hamilton, G.
Affiliation	Dept. of Agronomy, Pennsylvania State University
Title	Fertilizers, pesticides, lawn care and water quality
Meeting Info.	East Lansing, MI: January 16-18, 1989
Source	Proceedings of the 59th Annual Michigan Turfgrass Conference. Vol. 18, 1989, p. 113-114.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University
Web URL	Last checked 02/27/2009 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Surface runoff; Leaching; Groundwater contamination; Environmental issues; Water quality
Abstract	Some people view application of fertilizer and pesticides to landscape as major contributors to decline of water quality following land development. Little research has been conducted on the runoff water from suburban landscapes. Significant amounts of nutrients and pesticides have been found in farmland runoff. When farmland runoff traversed grasslands, nutrients and pesticides decreased. Such studies suggest that turf might improve runoff compared to farmland runoff. With land development, impervious surfaces such as streets, rooftops, and parking lots increased; runoff quantity increased and water quality decreased. The Landscape Management Research Center was established to investigate the effect of landscape and turf management activities on urban runoff and leachate. Turfed slopes were established on which pesticides and fertilizers could be applied. Slopes were established with either PA certified Kentucky bluegrass sod, or two seeding mixtures: either a high quality mixture of perennial turfgrass species, or a commercial "contractor's mix" containing a high percentage of annual ryegrass. Studies have focused on the hydrological characterization of the slopes. The irrigation system could deliver water at the rate of 6"/hour, which is comparable to a very rare storm. By comparison, a 3"/hour storm happens once every 125 years. No more than 5% of the water ever ran off of the sodded plots. In the sodded plots, from 8/86 thru 9/88, runoff flows rates from rain were too low to measure. A small quantity of runoff collected was sufficient for analysis. Seeded plots had higher peak flow rates and total runoff volumes. The 17 to 25 mm sod thatch resulted in greater infiltration and reduced runoff. Analyses of water samples for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium showed concentrations that did not exceed 10 ppm when sampled 2 days after application. Most samples contained less than 5 ppm.
Language	English
# of References	0

Record: 14834
	Item 43 of 84
Authors	Watschke, Thomas L.; Harrison, Scott; Hamilton, G. W.
Affiliation	Professor of Turfgrass Science and Research Associates, respectively.
Title	Does fertilizer/pesticide use on a golf course put water resources in peril?
Source	USGA Green Section Record. Vol. 27, No. 3, May/June 1989, p. 5-8.
Pub. Info	Far Hills, NJ: United States Golf Association, Green Section
Keywords	Pesticides; Fertilizers; Golf courses; Water quality; Water pollution; Pesticide usage legislation
Abstract	Presents a brief history of the increase in public concern over the use of pesticides on golf courses. Research into the effects on water quality from pesticide use was conducted at Penn State University. Three turf cover types were studied for establishment methods and hydrologic characteristics. The impact of well-managed turfgrass on water quality appears to be positive in nature. "The results indicate that dense, high-quality turfgrass stands, regardless of establishment method, affect the overland flow process to such a degree that runoff is insignificant. The ability of this type of vegetative community to allow water to infiltrate and promote the metabolism of solutes suggests it might possess the ability to be employed as a water quality treatment medium."
Available?	also on the USGA CD-ROM set
Language	English
# of References	3
Note	Pictures, color
Note	Tables

Record: 22907
	Item 44 of 84
Authors	Harrison, S.; Watschke, T. L.; Hamilton, G.
Affiliation	Department of Agronomy, Pennsylvania State University
Title	Water quality: Turfgrass runoff update
Section:	Theme of the month: Water quality
Source	TurfNews [ASPA]. Vol. 11, No. 3, May/June 1988, p. 10, 12.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Rolling Meadows, IL: American Sod Producers Association.
Web URL	Last checked 09/30/2008 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Surface slope; Fertilization; Pesticide application; Water quality; Irrigation; Surface runoff; Cover crops
Abstract	Discusses a research project to "investigate the effects of turf and landscape management activities on urban runoff quality." Describes the experiment, stating that "development and construction of the physical facilities involved the renovation of the soil erosion research area, fabrication of collection and subsampling equipment, instrumentation and data logger linkage with computer success, and establishment of turfed slopes to which the applications of nutrients and pesticides could be made." Also describes the maintenance techniques used in the study. Results indicate that "even under...highly [exaggerated] storm conditions, no more than 5% of the water ever ran off the sodded plots." Concludes that "plans for 1988 include determination of infiltration rates using double ring infiltrometers, determination of surface structural characteristics utilizing microphotography and thin layer techniques, and compiling of pesticide and nutrient residue data for incorporation into hydrological analyses."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	graphs

Record: 96524
	Item 45 of 84
Authors	Anonymous
Title	George W. Hamilton Jr.
Source	Centre Daily Times. July 11 2004, p. [1].
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	State College, PA: Nittany Printing and Publication Company
Keywords	Personal profile; Education; Career growth; Awards
Subjects' names:	Hamilton, George W. Jr.
Abstract	Profiles the late George W. Hamilton Jr., focusing on his family, education, career, and recognitions.
Language	English
# of References	0

Record: 83639
	Item 46 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W.; Huff, D. R.; Landschoot, P. J.; Watschke, T. L.; Knievel, D. P.
Affiliation	Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
Title	Effects of ice coverage on creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass survival
Meeting Info.	Indianapolis, IN: November 10-14, 2002
Source	2002 Annual Meeting Abstracts [ASA/CSSA/SSSA]. 2002, p. na.
# of pages:	na
Pub. Info	[Madison, WI]: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America
Abstract	"The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of air replenishment of a turf/ice interface on the survival of creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass. Both species in a hardened and unhardened condition were capped with a 20 mm thick ice layer that created a 20 mm air space between the ice and turf. The two treatments involved daily injections of fresh air into the vented air space and no air injections. Plants were maintained in a freezer maintained at -4 C and were removed 30, 60, and 90 days after treatments began. Creeping bentgrass had significantly higher survival rates than annual bluegrass. The percent survival averaged across all three removal times for hardened creeping bentgrass, and hardened annual bluegrass was 87 and 17%, respectively. The reduction of survival when comparing hardened versus unhardened was much greater for creeping bentgrass, dropping from 87% survival for hardened plants to 18% for unhardened plants. There were also significant differences in percent survival for the air injection treatments. The plants receiving air injections had a lower survival rate (29%) as compared to plants that were not flushed with air (38%)."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!

Record: 99954
	Item 47 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, George W. Jr.
Affiliation	Penn State University
Title	Stressed Out?
Source	Chips & Putts. Vol. 8, No. 7, October/November 2002, p. 7.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Clarks Summit, Pa.
Keywords	Summer; Personal management; Heat Stress; Drought stress; Golfers; Golfer expectations; Golf Course Superintendents; Perceptions
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Reprint appears in The Mountain State Greenletter, March 2003, p. 7 R=91017
Note	Reprint appears in Three Rivers Green, Fall 2002, p. 14 R=99763
See also	Other items relating to: Golfer expectation management

Record: 73865
	Item 48 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W.; Woodring, J. W.
Affiliation	Department of Agronomy, Penn State University
Title	The effects of Perk on yield and color of Kentucky bluegrass
Source	The Keynoter. Vol. 29, No. 1, March 2001, p. 11.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Lemont, PA: The Pennsylvania Turfgrass Council, Inc.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs

Record: 76658
	Item 49 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, George
Affiliation	Centre for Turfgrass Science, Pennsylvania State University
Title	The key to successful applications: Spreader calibration
Source	The Turf Line News. Vol. 165, August/September 2001, p. 24, 26.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Maple Ridge, British Columbia: Western Canada Turfgrass Association
Language	English
# of References	0

Record: 71032
	Item 50 of 84
Authors	Anonymous
Title	Distinguished Service Award recipient announced
Section:	Pennsylvania Turfgrass Council news
Source	The Keynoter. Vol. 28, No. 4, October 2000, p. 1.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Lemont, PA: The Pennsylvania Turfgrass Council, Inc.
Keywords	Personal profile; Awards
Subjects' names:	Hamilton, George
Abstract	Announces that George Hamilton is the recipient of the Pennsylvania Turfgrass Council's Distinguished Service Award. "The award is presented to individuals that have demonstrated outstanding service to Pennsylvania's turfgrass industry."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, b/w

Record: 64104
	Item 51 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W. Jr.
Affiliation	Penn State University
Title	Treading softly
Source	GSI: Golf Science International. Vol. 6, February 2000, p. 8.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	St. Andrews, Scotland: World Scientific Congress of Golf Trust
Keywords	Golf shoes; Spikeless golf shoes; Golf greens; Quality; Versus; Wear
Abstract	Discusses the issue of spiked golf shoes on a golf course and research that has been conducted to determine the effects of spikes, alternative spikes and spikeless tread on the course. States that "simply banning metal spikes may not be the best policy to improve putting surface quality."
Language	English
# of References	4

Record: 91636
	Item 52 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, George
Affiliation	Pennsylvania State University
Title	Low temperatures affect Poa annua and creeping bentgrass differently
Source	Focus on Research. Summer 2000, p. 1, 3, 6.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	[University Park, PA: Department of Agronomy, Pennsylvania State University]
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, b/w

Record: 60676
	Item 53 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W.; Gregos, J. S.; Sinkus, D. S.; Tredway, L. P.; Gover, A. E.
Affiliation	Penn State University, Pennsylvania, USA
Title	The effects of golf shoe tread types on putting green quality
Section:	Part II: Equipment
What it is:	Book chapter
Volume Editors	Farrally, M. R. and Cochran, A. J.
Meeting Info.	Proceedings of the 1998 World Scientific Congress of Golf, St. Andrews, Scotland; 20 -24 July, 1998
Mono Source	Science and Golf III, 1999, p. 576-580.
# of pages:	5
Pub. Info	Human Kinetics, Inc., for the World Scientific Congress of Golf Trust
Keywords	Golf shoes; Spikeless golf shoes; Comparisons; Sand-based greens; Quality; Ball roll; Wear; Traffic; Root zone mixture
Abstract	"New golf shoe tread types are being developed to minimize the damage to putting green surfaces. Golf shoe spikes are being developed in new designs and materials and are being widely accepted. This study evaluated a conventional 8 mm metal spike, new soft plastic spike, and a spikeless tread for their effects on ball roll distance and turfgrass wear. Traffic was applied at 20 and 40 traverses per day and the study was conducted on an all sand rootzone and a modified rootzone. The spikeless tread reduced ball roll distance more than the other two tread types. All of the tread types caused unacceptable wear at the high traffic intensity on both rootzones, and there was more wear on the all sand rootzone. The metal spikes usually caused more wear than the other two tread types. The effects that tread types have on ball roll distance and wear appear to be directly related to the amount of sand in the rootzone and traffic intensity."
ISBN	0-7360-0020-8
Language	English
# of References	4
Note	"Chapter 73"
Note	Tables

Record: 87458
	Item 54 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, George w.
Affiliation	Senior Lecturer, Turfgrass Science, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania
Title	New mulch technology for turfgrass establishment: Golf courses can use weed-free mulch pellets for seedling establishment
Source	Hole Notes. Vol. 30, No. 9, November 1999, p. 11, 13.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Edina, MN, Minnesota Golf Course Superintendents' Association
Language	English
# of References	5

Record: 57202
	Item 55 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W.; Gregos, J. S.; Tredway, L. P.; Gover, A. E.
Affiliation	Penn State University
Title	The effects of pelletized paper as mulch on turfgrass establishment
Meeting Info.	Baltimore, MD: October 18-22, 1998
Source	1998 Annual Meeting Abstracts. 1998, p. 135.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	[Madison, WI]: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America
Keywords	Mulches; Paper mulch; Straw; Comparisons; Poa pratensis; Application rates; Tillers (vegetative); Dry weight; Clipping weight
Cultivar names:	Merit
Abstract	"Mulching is a common turfgrass establishment process used to enhance germination. Mulches help retain moisture and minimize heat flux in the soil. Straw and wood cellulose fiber are two of the most widely used mulching materials. A new mulching material developed at Penn State University consists of pelletized recycled paper, dye, and fertilizer. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to compare the mulching effects of the pelletized paper mulch to those of straw mulch. In both experiments, 'Merit' Kentucky bluegrass was seeded at 122 kg/ha on a silt loam soil. The pelletized paper and straw were each appplied at three different rates. In the greenhouse studies, tillers were counted and above-ground tissue was removed, dried, and weighed. In the field studies, clipping yields were removed, dried, and weighed. The pelletized paper mulch provided tiller counts and weights and clipping yields similar to those of straw. In these studies, it appears that the pelletized paper mulch performance was very similar to straw."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!

Record: 57895
	Item 56 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W.; Gregory, J. M.; Paulisich, A. M.
Affiliation	Hamilton: Senior Lecturer; and Gregory: Former Student; and Paulisich: Former Student, Department of Agronomy, Pennsylvania State University.
Title	Evaluation of fertilizer spread performance
Source	1998 Annual Research Report [Penn State]. 1998, p. 54-57.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	[University Park, PA]: Center for Turfgrass Science, The Pennsylvania State University
Keywords	Fertilizer spreaders; Comparisons; Calibrations
Abstract	Details an experiment performed on two walk-behind spreaders and two tractor-driven spreaders. They were tested to see if the density of material being spread had any affect on how well the spreader performed as well as how far they could spread material. The results showed that materil densities and application rates significantly affect distribution patterns of rotary and pendulum spreaders.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs

Record: 57461
	Item 57 of 84
Authors	Leahy, Sean M.; Hamilton, George W.; Livingston, Dave W.
Affiliation	Penn State University
Title	The effects of peat sorb for treating hydraulic oil spills on turfgrass
Source	The Keynoter. Vol. 26, No. 3, August 1998, p. 3-4.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Lemont, PA: The Pennsylvania Turfgrass Council, Inc.
Keywords	Decontamination; Hydraulic oil leaks; Absorbents; Absorption; Comparisons; Calcined clay; Application timing
Abstract	"The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Peat Sorb for treating oil spills created by leaking turfgrass equipment." Hydraulic oil was applied to a 12-year stand of Penncross creeping bentgrass by cutting the hydraulic hose of the mower while mowing. "Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications and each plot was 17 ft by 7 in." Treatments of Peat Sorb and calcined clay (at 400 and 900 lbs/1000 sq ft, respectively) were applied by hand and worked into turf with a broom. The treatments remained on the plots for 24 hours and were removed with a push broom and a walk-behind mower. Visual ratings based on amount of green tissue (on a 0-5 scale with 0 being 0% live grass) were made at 5, 14, 21, 35, 42, and 49 days after treatment (DAT). Encroachment measurements were made at 42, 49, 58, and 67 DAT. A second study was also performed "The time between oil application and product application appeared to have an effect on the level of control." Peat Sorb was applied at 0, 20, and 40 minutes after oil application at previous rates. The oil was 16 hotter in this study but all procedures were the same. The results of the first study showed that Peat Sorb applications gave the best relative visual ratings. This is because "Peat Sorb was able to penatrate the canopy and come in direct contact with a higher percentage of affected leaf tissue." The results of the second study showed virtually equal visual ratings for all treatment application times. Overall damage in the second study was significantly less, which was most likely due to lower soil temperatures, fall fertilization and adequate soil moisture. Concludes that "Peat Sorb applied to oil spills on turfgrass significantly reduced turf injury and increased turf encroachment into oil damaged areas." Peat Sorb was also the easiest to apply and remove.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Reprint appears in Turfgrass Management in the Pacific Northwest, Fall 1998, Vol. 1, No. 4, page. 8-9
Note	Tables
See also	Other items relating to: Hydraulic Spills!

Record: 57201
	Item 58 of 84
Authors	Mancino, C. F.; Holdren, D. D.; Hamilton, G. W.
Affiliation	Penn State University
Title	Effect of calcined clay on creeping bentgrass quality and drought resistance
Meeting Info.	Baltimore, MD: October 18-22, 1998
Source	1998 Annual Meeting Abstracts. 1998, p. 135.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	[Madison, WI]: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America
Keywords	Calcined clay; Agrostis palustris; Quality; Drought resistance; Sand-based greens; Porous ceramics; Golf greens; Topdressings; Wetting agents; Drought stress; Quality; Wilt; Soil moisture
Abstract	"The calcined porous ceramic clay product 'Profile' was used alone or in combination with sand to topdress a 100% sand creeping bentgrass putting green from 1995 to 1997. Study plots were aerated and topdressed two to three times/year with Profile at 100%, 75%, 50%, or 25% of the topdressing mixture. The balance of the mix was sand. The wetting agent 'Primer' was also included in the study. Drought stress was induced each summer by withholding irrigation. During the drought stress period the turf was visualy rated for quality and wilt. Soil moisture content was also measured. Overall, the use of Profile in the mix reduced wilt slightly when compared to sand or wetting agent treatments and increased moisture content in the top 6 cm of soil. The 100% Profile treatment was the most consistent from year to year in its influence on wilt stress while the other Profile sand mixes were not. On individual dates it was often difficult to detect differences in stress because the wilt was highly variable."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!
See also	Other items relating to: Wetting Agents

Record: 57885
	Item 59 of 84
Authors	Mancino, Charles F.; Holdren, Deborah; Hamilton, George W.; Petrunak, Dianne
Affiliation	Mancino: Associate Professor, Turf/Soil Science; and Holdren: Research Technician, Turf/Soil Science; and Hamilton: Senior Lecturer; and Petrunak: Research Technician, Turf/Soil Science, Department of Agronomy, Pennsylvania State University.
Title	Effect of calcined clay on bentgrass quality and drought resistance
Source	1998 Annual Research Report [Penn State]. 1998, p. 43-46.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	[University Park, PA]: Center for Turfgrass Science, The Pennsylvania State University
Keywords	Calcined clay; Agrostis palustris; Drought resistance; Soil amendments; Wetting agents; Golf greens; Comparisons
Abstract	Details an experiment to determine if Profile, Profile+sand combinations, or Primer wetting agent could increase the drought resistance and quality of a Penncross creeping bentgrass putting green. The results showed that Profile by itself took many years of application after application in order for it to show any improvement. The combination of Profile+sand showed good improvement.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs
See also	Other items relating to: Wetting Agents

Record: 42211
	Item 60 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W.; Gregos, J. S.; Tredway, L. P.
Affiliation	Anonymous
Title	Pennmulch, a new mulch for turfgrass establishment
Meeting Info.	Newport, RI; January 6-9, 1997
Source	Proceedings of the 51th Annual Meeting of the Northeastern. Vol. 51, 1997, p. 17.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	College Park, MD: Northeastern Weed Science Society
Abstract	"Mulches are used in turfgrass establishment to decrease the germination time, support uniform seedling development, and decrease the potential for soil erosion. A new pelletized paper mulch developed at Penn State University utilizes recycled paper as a base and is pelletized to provide easy application and handling. This mulch contains a 1-3-1 starter fertilizer and is weed free. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of various rates of pelletized paper mulch and straw mulch on the establishment of Kentucky bluegrass. 'Merit' Kentucky bluegrass was established on silt loam soil and seeded at 122 kg/ha. Three rates of straw were included in the test, each with and without starter fertilizer to provide a total of six treatments. The fertilizer rates were equivalent to that provided in the pelletized paper mulch treatments. Volunteer oat seedlings were counted in both field and greenhouse studies. Data was subjected to analysis of variance and treatment means were seperated using Fishers Protected LSD test. The pelletized paper provided similar mulching effects to that of straw with significantly lower oat seedling counts."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!

Record: 45174
	Item 61 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W.; Sinkus, D. S.; Tredway, L. P.; Gover, A. E.
Title	Plastic spikes vs. metal and none
Section:	Maintenance
Source	Golf Course News. Vol. 8, No. 6, June 1996, p. 15, 17.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Yarmouth, ME: United Publications
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables

Record: 46330
	Item 62 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, George
Affiliation	Faculty Member, Penn State University, Turfgrass Management Program
Title	Increase of jobs tied to upgrades at daily-fee, municipal courses
Section:	Guest commentary
Source	Golf Course News. Vol. 7, No. 5, May 1995, p. 13, 54.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Yarmouth, ME: United Publications
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, b/w

Record: 34250
	Item 63 of 84
Authors	Anonymous
Title	Penn State develops mulch from newspapers, magazines for golf, landscape markets
Column name:	Hot topics
Source	Landscape Management. Vol. 33, No. 6, June 1994, p. 50.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Cleveland, OH: ADVANSTAR Communications, Inc.
Keywords	Mulches; Product profile; Paper mulch
Subjects' names:	Hamilton, George
Abstract	A new landscape mulch made from chopped newspapers, magazines and other paper can be used in place of traditional mulch, says its developer, Penn State University Agronomy instructor George Hamilton. The mulch consists of small green pellets that expand when wet, so only a thin layer is needed to cover a large site.
Language	English
# of References	0

Record: 41918
	Item 64 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W. Jr.; Livingston, D. W.; Gover, A. E.
Affiliation	Penn State University
Title	The effects of light-weight rolling on putting greens
Meeting Info.	Seattle, WA: November 13-18, 1994
Source	Agronomy Abstracts. Vol. 86, 1994, p. 187.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy
Keywords	Rolling; Golf greens; Compaction; Infiltration
Abstract	"The rolling of golf course putting greens to increase ball roll distance is becoming more popular with golf course superintendents. Light weight rolling may increase compaction, which can be detrimental to the turfgrass stand. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of light-weight rolling on ball roll distance, bulk density, and water infiltration. Plots were rolled 0, 1, and 2 times per week for 14 weeks. Light-weight rolling increased ball roll distance an average of 38 cm. The increase in distance lasted less than 48 hours. Bulk density in the surface 2.5 cm of soil and saturated infiltration were not affected by rolling."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!

Record: 25095
	Item 65 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W. Jr.; Livingston, D. W.; Gover, A. E.
Affiliation	Penn State University, University Park, USA
Title	The effects of light-weight rolling on putting greens
What it is:	Book chapter
Volume Editors	Cochran, A. J. and Farrally, M. R.
Meeting Info.	Proceedings of the 1994 World Scientific Congress of Golf, St. Andrews, Scotland; 4 - 8th July, 1994
Mono Source	Science and Golf II, 1994, p. 425-430.
# of pages:	6
Pub. Info	London: E. & F. N. Spon
Keywords	Rolling; Golf green speed; Compaction; Infiltration; Golf greens
Abstract	"The rolling of golf course putting greens to increase ball roll distance is becoming more popular with golf course superintendents. Light-weight rolling may increase compaction, which can be detrimental to the turfgrass stand. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of light-weight rolling on ball roll distance, bulk density, and water infiltration. Plots were rolled 0, 1, and 2 times per week for 14 weeks. Light-weight rolling increased ball roll distance an average of 38 cm. The increase in distance lasted less than 48 hours. Bulk density in the surface 2.5 cm of soil and saturated infiltration were not affected by rolling."
ISBN	0-419-18790-1
Language	English
# of References	5
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs
See also	Other items relating to: Golf Green Speed

Record: 37711
	Item 66 of 84
Authors	Harrison, S. A.; Watschke, T. L.; Mumma, R. O.; Jarrett, A. R.; Hamilton, G. W. Jr.
Affiliation	Department of Agronomy, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
Title	Nutrient and pesticide concentrations in water from chemically treated turfgrass
What it is:	Book chapter
Volume Editors	Racke, Kenneth D. and Leslie, Anne R.
Meeting Info.	203rd National Meeting of ACS, San Francisco, April 5-10, 1992, symposium sponsored by the Division of Agrochemicals
Mono Source	Pesticides in Urban Environments: Fate and Significance, 1993, p. 191-207.
# of pages:	17
Pub. Info	Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society
Series	ACS Symposium Series 522
Keywords	Sodding; Seeding; Poa pratensis; 2,4-D; Dicamba; Pendimethalin; 2,4-DP; Chlorpyrifos; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Potassium; Irrigation methods; Runoff water; Pesticides; Nutrients
Abstract	"Turfgrass was established on sloped (9 to 14%) plots by sodding with Kentucky bluegrass or seeding with one of two commercial mixtures. After establishment, the plots were identically treated with pesticides (pendimethalin, 2,4-D ester, 2,4-DP ester dicamba, and chlorpyrifos) and fertilizers (N, P, and K) in a maintenance program similar to those employed by professional turfgrass managers in the northeastern United States. Irrigation was applied to the plots several days before and after each chemical application at an initial rate of 75 mm hr-� and 150 mm hr-d]1 thereafter, for the hydrologic characterization of the slopes and to produce runoff and percolate samples for chemical analyses. Natural precipitation did not produce detectable levels (>0.6 mm hr-�) of runoff during the course of the study, although several event produced nondetectable flows that were sampled for chemical analyses. Irrigation applied at the rate of 75 mm hr-� was not sufficient to produce runoff from the newly sodded plots. Irrigations of 150 mm hr-� x 60 min produced average runoff volumes of 0.8%, 13.4%, and 11.6% of that applied to the sodded and two seeded treatments, respectively. No residues of pendimethalin, chlorpyrifos, or the esters of 2,4-D and 2,4-DP were detected in any sample. Mean concentrations of 2,4-D acid, 2,4-DP acid, and dicamba for individual events ranged as high as 312, 210, and 252 ug L-�, respectively. Nondetections for these same compounds accounted for 63%, 64%, and 51% of the analyses, respectively, and another 30%, 25%, and 47%, respectively, were below 70 ug L-�. Highest concentrations were observed in those samples that were collected within several days of application. Nutrient concentrations remained rather constant and generally reflected the nutrient concentration of the irrigation water. Results of this study suggest that runoff quantities and mean concentrations of dissolved pesticides and nutrients in turfgrass runoff and percolate are generally low."
ISBN	0-8412-2627-X
Language	English
# of References	31
Note	"Chapter 17"
Note	Tables
See also	Other items relating to: 2, 4 - D in Turf

Record: 23884
	Item 67 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W. Jr.; Landschoot, P. J.; Watschke, T. L.; Clark, J. N.; Hoyland, B. F.
Affiliation	Penn State University--Supervisor; Assistant Professor, Turfgrass Science; Professor, Turfgrass Science; Research Technologist; Research Technologist
Title	Control of smooth crabgrass with applications of preemergence herbicides at reduced rates
Source	Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Northeastern. Vol. 46, 1992, p. 123-124.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Ithaca, NY: Northeastern Weed Science Society
Keywords	Digitaria ischaemum; Preemergence herbicides; Application rates; Weed control
Abstract	"An experiment was conducted at University Park, PA to evaluate the control of smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum(Schreb.)Muhl.) from subsequent year, reduced rate applications of selected preemergence herbicides. The experiment was conducted on a 7 year old stand of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) maintained at 4.5 cm. In 1989 treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications, and in 1990, treatments were arranged in a split block design with three replications. Treatments were applied at the label rate to the entire plot on April 27, 1989. On April 23, 1990, treatments were applied at label rates to half of the blocks and at one-half of the label rates to the other half of the blocks. Sprayable treatments were applied with a CO [subscript]2 powered boom sprayer, delivering 701 l/ha with 6504 nozzles. Granular treatments were combined with sand and applied with a shaker jar. Commercially acceptable was considered to be 80% or greater. All of the 1989 treatments provided acceptable contol [control], with the exception of benefin 60DF and benefin 2.5G. Of the full rate treatments in 1990, only DCPA 5G and benefin 2.5G did not provide acceptable cotrol [control]. Those same treatments did not provide acceptable control at half rates, along with DCPA 6F, bensulide 4E, prodiamine 65 WDG, pendimethalin 60WDG, benefin 65DF, dithiopyr 1EC, and Team. It appears that acceptable control of smooth crabgrass can be achieved with reduced rates of some preemegence [preemergence] herbicides, following an application at full rates."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Table
Note	This article is an abstract only!

Record: 23887
	Item 68 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W. Jr.; Watschke, T. L.; Clark, J. M.
Affiliation	Penn State University--Supervisor; Professor, Turfgrass Science; Research Technologist
Title	Pre/postemergence and postemergence control of smooth crabgrass
Source	Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Northeastern. Vol. 46, 1992, p. 125-126.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Ithaca, NY: Northeastern Weed Science Society
Keywords	Digitaria ischaemum; Postemergence herbicides; Preemergence herbicides; Control
Abstract	"Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the control of smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl.) with selected preemergence and postemergence herbicides and their combinations. The postemergence study was conducted on a blend of turf-type tall fescue, and the pre/postemegence [pre/postemergence] study was conducted on a blend of perennial rygrass [ryegrass]. Treatments of both studies were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments wre applied with a 0.9 m, CO[subscript]2 powered boom sprayer, delivering 374 l/ha with two T-jet 6504 nozzles. The pre/postemergence treatments were applied on July 7 and the postemergence treatments on July 12. The crabgrass was in the 3 to 5 tiller stage in both studies at the time of application. Crabgrass control was rated on a scale of 0 to 100%, with 80% being considered acceptable control. Both studies were rated on August 27. In the pre/postemergence study, prodiamine at 0.43 kg ai/ha combined with fenoxaprop-ethyl at 0.20 kg ai/ha provided the best control of crabgrass (93%). Prodiamine at 0.56 kg ai/ha combined with either fenoxaprop-ethyl at 0.13 kg ai/ha or MSMA at 2.24 kg ai/ha, and fenoxaprop-ethyl alone at 0.20 kg ai/ha also provided acceptable control. In the postemergence study, quinclorac at 0.84 kg ai/ha and fenoxaprop-ethyl at 0.20 kg ai/ha provided the best postemergence control of crabgrass. (There were duplicate treatments of quinclorac at 0.84 kg ai/ha in anticipation that follow-up applications may have to be made.) Quinclorac applied at 0.56 kg ai/ha was insufficient to provide control from a single application. Previous research has indicated the need for two sequential applications at 0.56 kg ai/ha to provide equivalent to one application at 0.84 kg ai/ha."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables
Note	This article is an abstract only!

Record: 27981
	Item 69 of 84
Authors	Landschoot, P. J.; Johnson-Cicalese, J. M.; Hamilton, G. W.
Affiliation	Agronmy Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Title	Resistance of Kentucky bluegrass cultivars and selections to dollar spot disease
Source	Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant. Vol. 6, 1991, p. 94.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	St. Paul, MN: The American Phytopathological Society
Keywords	Poa pratensis; Dollar spot; Diseases
Abstract	"Seventy-two cultivars and selections entered in the 1985 National Kentucky Bluegrass Test were established in Sep 1985 at the Landscape Management Research Center in University Park, PA. The plots were 1.2 x 1.8 m and seeded at a rate of 1 kg per 100 m2. All entries were replicated three times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The turf was mowed at 4.5 cm, fertilized with 0.7 kg N per 100 m2 in late spring, and treated with a combination of 2,4-D/MCPP/dicamba to control broadleaf weeds. No fungicides or insecticides were used during the course of this test. The test site was irrigated only when necessary to prevent wilt. A uniform infestation of dollar spot disease occurred at the site in Aug 1989. The plots were visually rated for percent disease injury on 11 Aug 1989 using a modified Horsefall-Barrett scale. Significant differences were found in the resistance of Kentucky bluegrass to dollar spot with `America' and `Somerset' showing the least amount of disease injury. Because of the severe, uniform nature of this infestation over the test site, the disease injury ratings provided a good test of Kentucky bluegrass resistance."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	table

Record: 27984
	Item 70 of 84
Authors	Landschoot, P. J.; Clark, J.; Hamilton, G. W.
Affiliation	Agronomy Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Title	Resistance of Kentucky bluegrass cultivars and selections to leaf spot disease
Source	Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant. Vol. 6, 1991, p. 95.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	St. Paul, MN: The American Phytopathological Society
Keywords	Poa pratensis; Leaf spot; Disease control
Abstract	"Seventy-two cultivars and selections from the 1985 National Kentucky Bluegrass Test were established in Sep 1985 at the Landscape Management Research Center, University Park, PA. The plots were 1.2 x 1.8 m and were seeded at a rate of 1 kg per 100 m2. All entries were replicated three times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The turf was mowed at approximately 4.5 cm, fertilized with 0.7 kg N per 100 m2 in late spring, and treated with a combination of 2,4-D/MCPP/dicamba to control broadleaf weeds. No fungicides or insecticides were used during the course of this test. The test site was not irrigated prior to the leaf spot rating. A uniform infestation of leaf spot disease occurred at the site in May 1990. The plots were visually rated on 8 May 1990 for percent disease injury using a modified Horsefall-Barrett scale. Significant differences were found in the resistance of Kentucky bluegrasses to leaf spot disease. However, most cultivars and selections showed good resistance (less than or equal to 5% of the plot area injured by leaf spot). Cultivars that showed the most leaf spot injury included `Kenblue',`South Dakota Certified', and `Wabash'."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Table

Record: 19757
	Item 71 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W.; Waddington, D. V.; Watschke, T. L.
Affiliation	Penn State University
Title	Infiltration on lawns
Source	Agronomy Abstracts. October 1990, p. 174-175.
Pub. Info	Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy
Keywords	Infiltration; Percolation
Abstract	"Infilitration rate, bulk density, tiller density, thatch depth, pore space, area of earthworm holes, and lawn quality were measured on experimental and residential lawns. Infitration rates ranged from 0.0 to 141.5 cm/hr and 0.0 to 41.0 cm/hr for the experimental and residential lawns, respectively. Rates were extremely variable on both types of lawns. Coefficients of variation for the residential lawns ranged from 6.3 to 230.3. Correlations between infiltration rate and all other measured characteristics were low. Soil excavation during construction may affect the infiltration rates on lawns more than any other factor."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!

Record: 18105
	Item 72 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W. Jr.; Watschke, T. L.; Harrison, S. A.
Affiliation	Dept. of Agronomy, and Pesticide Education Coordinator The Pennsylvania State University
Title	The effects of selected preemergence herbicides on grass species
Meeting Info.	Held: January 3,4,5, 1990; Boston MA
Source	Proceedings of the 44th Annual Meeting of the Northeastern. Vol. 44, 1990, p. 109-110.
Pub. Info	Ithaca, NY: Northeastern Weed Science Society
Keywords	Herbicide trials; Digitaria ischaemum; Lolium perenne; Preemergence herbicides
Abstract	"Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate long-term effects of preemergence crabgrass herbicides on grass germination. The objectives were: (1) evaluate the reinfestation of smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl.) in plots treated in the spring of the previous year with preemergence crabgrass herbicides; (2) evaluate the effects of MON 15177 0.25G on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) overseeded two weeks after treatment. Treatments in the first study were divided into sprays and granulars. The liquid treatments were applied to 0.91 by 3.05 m plots with a CO2 powered, hand-held boom delivering 702 l/ha through two 6504 flat fan nozzles spaced 18 inches apart. The granular treatments, in both studies, were combined with 200 cubic centimeters of sand and applied by hand with a shaker jar. The granular plots were 0.91 by 1.53 m in the first study and all the plots in the second study were 0.91 by 1.83 m. Treatments were applied April 28, 1988, to the first study and July 17, 1988, to the second study. Both studies were treated with 5.6 kg/ha of glyphosphate on October 14, 1988. Four days after the glyphosphate application the second study was verti-cut in two directions and overseeded with perennial ryegrass at a rate of 244 kg/ha. The liquid treatments in the first study that provided significant control of smooth crabgrass were DCPA, pendimethalin, prodiamine, MON 15151, and CGA-41065. Percent crabgrass cover for these treatments range from 25.0 to 53.3 percent. Of the granular treatments, DCPA, benefin, oxadiazon, benefin + trifluralin on fertilizer, and MON 15177 provided significant control of smooth crabgrass. Percent crabgrass cover for these treatments ranged from 3.3 to 66.7 percent and three of the four rates of MON 15177 provided significantly better control than the others. In the overseeding study, three of the four rates of MON 15177 severely effected the establishment rate of the perennial ryegrass stand. Rates of 1.1, 1.7, 2.2 kg ai/ha resulted in perennial ryegrass stand 69.1, 85.7, and 94.3 percent thinner than the check, respectively. The effect of the 0.56 kg ai/ha rate was less severe (23.8%).
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables

Record: 18117
	Item 73 of 84
Authors	Watschke, T. L.; Hamilton, G. W.
Affiliation	Department of Agronomy, The Pennsylvania State University
Title	Pre-post combinations for weed control in turf
Meeting Info.	Held: January 3,4,5, 1990; Boston MA
Source	Proceedings of the 44th Annual Meeting of the Northeastern. Vol. 44, 1990, p. 138.
Pub. Info	Ithaca, NY: Northeastern Weed Science Society
Keywords	Herbicide combinations; Digitaria ischaemum; Fenoxaprop-ethyl; Oxadiazon; Dithiopyr; DCPA; MSMA
Abstract	"A study was conducted on a mixed cool season turf practice area at the Pennsylvania State University "Blue" golf course to evaluate various single and combination herbicides for the control of smooth crabgrass ( Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl.) when applications were made after germination had occurred (June 23, 1989). Commercial and experimental materials were included in the study as well as sequential treatments for selected treatments. The treatments in the study and the control ratings are provided in Table 1. Treatments that provided 85% control or better were considered to have commercial acceptance. When fenoxaprop-ethyl was applied alone, the lowest rate (0.12 lbs. ai/A) did not provide acceptable control, but the two higher rates did. When pendimethalin was applied alone, very poor control resulted at both rates, however, when tank mixed with fenoxaprop-ethyl, control became acceptable. All combinations and timings of DCPA and MSMA produced acceptable control. However, treatments including MSMA caused a noticeable, but temporary discoloration to the fine fescue ( Festuca rubra L.) in the mixed cool season grass stand. MSMA applied at the label rate, at a two week interval provided excellent control (97%), but injury to fine fescue was noted. The combination of oxadiazon and fenoxaprop-ethyl did not provide acceptable control. At the time of rating, the crabgrass in plots treated with this combination was immature which indicated that germination probably occurred following treatment (the rates of wettable oxadiazon were kept low to reduce the potential for injury). The MON 15151 provided acceptable control even at 0.38 lbs. ai/A The 15104 formulation did not provide satisfactory control at 0.38 lbs. ai/A) the control provided was excellent. Granular formulations provided excellent control even at the lowest rate (slightly better when formulated on fertilizer). An experimental formulation of fenoxaprop-ethyl (HOE-360) did not provide acceptable control at any rate applied. Combination of prodiamine and fenoxaprop-ethyl provided acceptable control at all rates."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables
See also	Other items relating to: M S M A

Record: 18131
	Item 74 of 84
Authors	Watschke, T. L.; Hamilton, G. W.
Affiliation	Department of Agronomy The Pennsylvania State University
Title	Preemergence Crabgrass Control in 1989
Meeting Info.	Held: January 3,4,5, 1990; Boston MA
Source	Proceedings of the 44th Annual Meeting of the Northeastern. Vol. 44, 1990, p. 145-146.
Pub. Info	Ithaca, NY: Northeastern Weed Science Society
Keywords	Herbicide combinations; Herbicide trials; Preemergence herbicides; Digitaria ischaemum; Lolium perenne; Dithiopyr; DCPA; Benefin; Trifluralin; Oxadiazon; Bensulide; Pendimethalin
Abstract	"An experiment was conducted during 1989 to evaluate several preemergence herbicides and combinations for their efficacy on smooth crabgrass ( Digitaria ischemum) (Schreb.) Michx. in a stand of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.). Control ratings of 85% or higher were considered to be commercially acceptable. For the commercially available materials, the wettable powder, flowable and granular formulations of DCPA provided acceptable control. Benefin did not control crabgrass at an acceptable level (85%) from any formulation or when combined with EL-107. However, the combination of benefin and trifluralin (TEAM) provided acceptable control from both granular formulations. Both formulations of oxadiazon provided acceptable control as did bensulide applied at 12.5 lbs. ai/A and pendimethalin at 1.5 lbs. ai/A. For the experimental materials evaluated, those fertilizers (Lebanon, Vigro, and Lesco) formulated with undisclosed amounts of undisclosed experimental compounds provided excellent control (93 to 98 percent). Various formulations of MON experimental (15151, 15104, 15175, 15111(F), 15112(F), and 15177) all provided excellent control at all rates tested. Prodiamine sprayed at 0.5 lbs. ai/A and spread at 0.75 lbs. ai/A provided excellent control, but the granular formulation provided only 80% control when applied at 0.5 lbs. ai/A. The experimental material AC 183545 only provided acceptable control at the highest rate (8.0 lbs. ai/A) applied."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables

Record: 14615
	Item 75 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W. Jr.; Watschke, T. L.
Affiliation	Senior Research Aide, Prof. Respectively, Pennsylvania State University
Title	Postemergence Herbicides for Broadleaf Weed Control in Turf.
Source	Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Northeastern. Vol. 43, January 1989, p. 83-84.
Pub. Info	Ithaca, NY: Northeastern Weed Science Society
Keywords	Taraxacum officinale; Trifolium repens; 2,4-D; Dicamba; Mecoprop; Postemergence herbicides
Abstract	"Two field studies were conducted to evaluate postemergent control of various broadleaf weeds in turf. The first study evaluated the control of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber) with DPX-6025 and DPX-6316 in combination with 2,4-D, dicamba, or MCPP and commercial herbicide combinations. The second study evaluated the control of dandelion, and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) with experimental and commercial herbicide combinations. Control was determined by comparing the percent dandelion and clover cover at the time of application to the percent cover at the time of rating. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used in both studies. Plots were 3 by 10ft in the first study and 3 by 8 ft in the second study. All treatments were applied with a compressed air powered hand held boom with two 6502 flat fan nozzles spaced 18 inches apart and delivering 655 1/ha. The first study was not irrigated and moisture stress occurred frequently during the test. The second test received enough irrigation to sustain growth. Treatments in the first study were applied July 30 and rated 10 weeks later. 2,4-D + 2,4-DP + dicamba, 2,4-D + MCPP + dicamba, DPX-6025 + 2,4-D, and DPX-6025 + nitrogen controlled dandelion 80 percent or better. All other treatments provided fair to moderate control, except for all rates of DPX-6316 + nitrogen and the lowest rate of DPX-6025 + nitrogen, which had no control. Treatments in the second study were applied July 12 and rated 13 weeks later. 2,4-D + 2,4-DP + dicamba and triclopyr + 2,4-D (ester) provided excellent control of dandelion and 2,4-D + 2,4-DP + MCPP, triclopyr + 2,4-D (amine) and MCPA + MCPP + dicamba provided good control of dandelion. 2,4-D + 2,4-DP + dicamba, 2,4-D + 2,4-DP + MCPP, MCPA + MCPP + 2,4-DP, and triclopyr + 2,4-D (amine) provided excellent control of white clover while slightly less control was found for triclopyr + 2,4-D (ester). It can be concluded from these experiments that control of dandelion (70%) can be accomplished using 2,4-D + 2,4-DP + dicamba, MCPA + MCPP + dicamba, triclopyr + 2,4-D (ester), triclopyr + 2,4-D (amine), 2,4-D + MCPP + dicamba, DPX-6025 + nitrogen, and DPX-6025 + 2,4-D. When control of white clover is also considered, 2,4-D + 2,4-DP + dicamba, 2,4-D + 2,4-DP + MCPP, and ttriclopyr + 2,4-d (ester) provided at least 70 percent of both weeds."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables
See also	Other items relating to: 2, 4 - D in Turf

Record: 16509
	Item 76 of 84
Authors	Harrison, S. A.; Watschke, T. L.; Hamilton, G.
Affiliation	Penn State Univ.
Title	Nutrients and Pesticides in Runoff and Leachate from Irrigated Turfgrass Sites.
Meeting Info.	Held: October 15-20, 1989, Las Vegas, NV
Source	Agronomy Abstracts. Vol. 81, October 1989, p. 158.
Pub. Info	Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy
Keywords	Nutrients; Pesticides; Surface runoff; Irrigated sites; Poa pratensis; Seed mixtures; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Potassium; Pendimethalin; Dicamba; Chlorpyrifos; Nutrient transport
Abstract	"Sloped (9-14%) turfgrass plots were established with either 100% Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), a high quality pernnial seed mixture, or a lower quality "contractor's" seed mixture. Maintenance procedures were in accordance with regional professional practices, including regular applications of nutrients (N, P, K) and pesticides (pendimethalin, 2,4-D, 2,4-DP, dicamba, chlorpyrifos). Plots were irrigated to produce runoff and leachate for quality determinations. Naturally produced runoff did not occur during the experimental period (1985-1988). Nutrient transport was marginal, and sample concentrations were comparable to tap water. Transport of pesticides occurred mainly in a short period immediately after application (0-7 days) and averaged less than 2% of applied. Sample concentrations were below detection limits by 4-6 weeks after application. Pendimethalin and chlorpyrifos were not detected. Pesticide and nutrient transport characteristics were similar for the three turf types. The lesser quantities of runoff produced by sodded plots than seeded ones suggests that sod would have less of an impact on water quality than seeding."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!

Record: 14483
	Item 77 of 84
Authors	Watschke, T. L.; Hamilton, G.; Harrison, S.
Affiliation	Pennsylvania State University
Title	Preemergence Control of Smooth Crabgrass in a Mixed Cool Season Turf in 1988.
Source	Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Northeastern. Vol. 43, January 1989, p. 111.
Pub. Info	Ithaca, NY: Northeastern Weed Science Society
Keywords	Preemergence herbicides; Digitaria ischaemum
Abstract	"An experiment was conducted during 1988 to evaluate several herbicides and herbicide combinations for their efficacy on smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) (Schreb.) Michx. in a mixed stand of cool season turfgrasses. Control ratings of 85 percent or higher were considered to be commercially acceptable. Of the commercially available materials, the wettable and granular formulations of DCPA provided acceptable control, but the flowable formulation did not (80%). The granular formulation of oxadiazon provided acceptable control at 2.24 kg ai/ha, but comparable rates of the ME formulation did not. The wettable formulation of oxadiazon only provided acceptable control at the highest rate (2.24 kg ai/ha). Pendimethalin, formulated on fertilizer and as a water dispersed granule, provided excellent control, although control was somewhat better when sprayed. Granular benefin provided acceptable control at the recommended rate. An experimental dry flowable formulation also provided acceptable control, but the rate tested was 2.69 kg ai/ha (equivalent to a 1.2X rate). Excellent control was obtained from the benefin-trifluralin provided very good control. Of the experimental materials tested, prodiamine provided excellent control at both rates used. CGA-41065 at the low rate did not provide acceptable control, but at the high rate control was excellent (94%). Cinmethylin did not provide acceptable control at either rate tested. Both formulations of the MON experimental product provided excellent control at the higher rates tested. The granular formulation appeared to be more active at lower rates than when the compound was sprayed."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!

Record: 13956
	Item 78 of 84
Authors	Hamilton, G. W.; Watschke, T. L.
Affiliation	Pennsylvania State University
Title	Broadleaf Weed Control in Turf
Source	Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Northeastern. Vol. 42, January 1988, p. 187.
Pub. Info	Ithaca, N. Y. : Northeastern Weed Science Society
Keywords	Taraxacum officinale; Trifolium repens; Poa pratensis; Lolium perenne; Fine fescues; Agrostis palustris; Poa annua; Herbicides
Abstract	"A field study was conducted to evaluate the control of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) with experimental and commercial herbicides and selected combinations. The stand consisted of varying amounts of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), fine fescue (Festuca rubra L.), creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.), and annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.). After four weeks good to excellent control of dandelion and white clover was accomplished by all treatments, except two: XRM-3724 + chlorflurenol and XRM-3972 + chlorflurenol provided only 33 and 38 percent control of dandelion, respectively. The highest rate of the combination of XRM-3724 + XRM-3972 (0.5 + 0.125 kg as/ha), triclopyr + 2,4-D (ester), and MCPA + dicamba provided excellent control of dandelion. All treatments provided satisfactory control of white clover. XRM-3972 alone and in combination with XRM-3724, all chlorflurenol combinations (except with XRM-3972), and the combination of MCPA + MCPP + dicamba gave greater than 90 percent control of white clover. The second rating was taken 17 weeks after treatment. Dandelion control for all treatments decreased while most white clover control increased, as compared to the first rating. All treatments containing XRM-3972, XRM-3724, or chlorflurenol, along with triclopyr + 2,4-D (amine) and MCPA + MCPP, provided 50 percent control of less of dandelion. MCPA + dicamba gave the highest control of dandelion (81 percent), and triclopyr + 2,4-D (ester) provided 75 percent control. XRM-3972 + chlorflurenol, XRM-3724 + chlorflurenol, triclopyr + 2,4-D (amine), and MCPA + MCPP were the only treatments that provided less than 90 percent control of white clover. MCPP + dicamba provided the best control for weeds, with 81 and 97 percent of dandelion and white clover, respectively. Triclopyr + 2,4-D, 2,4-D + MCPP + dicamba, and MCPA + MCPP + dicamba each gave greater than 65 percent control of both weeds."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	2 Tables

Record: 13773
	Item 79 of 84
Authors	Watschke, T. L.; Harrison, S.; Hamilton, G.
Affiliation	Penn State University
Title	Movement of Nutrients and Pesticides in Runoff from Turfed Slopes.
Source	Agronomy Abstracts. Vol. 80, November/December 1988, p. 157.
Pub. Info	Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy
Keywords	Pesticides; Nutrients; Surface runoff
Abstract	"A study was conducted to determine the amount of runoff emanating from slopes established by either seeding or sodding. Subsamples of the runoff were analyzed for nutrients and pesticides that had been applied to the turf. Over a two-year period, significantly more runoff (8 to 10 fold) occurred on seeded versus sodded slopes. Irrigation applied at a rate of 15.2 cm/hr was necessary to cause detectable runoff from sodded slopes. The irrigation was applied 48 hours following application of fertilizer and weed control materials. Analyses of subsamples for nutrients revealed amounts less than 10 ppm for N, P, and K. For the herbicides dicamba, 2,4-D, 2,4-DP, and pendimethalin, none was detectable, the concentration was low. No chlorpyrifos was detected for any sampling date."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!

Record: 13837
	Item 80 of 84
Authors	Watschke, T. L.; Hamilton, G.; Harrison, S.
Affiliation	Researchers, Penn State University, University Park, PA.
Title	Is Pesticide Runoff From Turf Increasing?
Source	ALA. Vol. 9, No. 7, July 1988, p. 43-44.
Pub. Info	Cleveland, Ohio: Gie, Inc.
Keywords	Groundwater; Surface runoff; Pesticides; Pesticide safety; Water quality; Watersheds; Infiltration
Abstract	The use of professional lawn care may be increasing the nutrient and pesticide load of suburban-urban watersheds. Tests show that seeded slopes have 10 to 12 times more runoff than sodded slopes during peak flow when irrigation is applied at a rate of 6 inches per hour. The infiltration rate of sodded slopes is approximately three times the rate of seeded slopes. A number of studies have indicated that the greatest losses of pesticides result from storms that occur soon after applications are made.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Reprint: ALA, December 1988, v. 9:12, pg. 75-77.
Note	Pictures: color

Record: 13883
	Item 81 of 84
Authors	Watschke, T. L.; Hamilton, G.; Harrison, S.
Affiliation	The Pennsylvania State University
Title	Preemergence Control of Crabgrass in a Mixed Stand of Cool Season Turfgrasses.
Source	Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Northeastern. Vol. 42, January 1988, p. 166.
Pub. Info	Ithaca, N. Y. : Northeastern Weed Science Society
Keywords	Digitaria ischaemum; Herbicides
Abstract	"An experiment was conducted during 1987 to evaluate several herbicides for preemergence crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) (Schreb.) Michx. control in a mixed sward of cool season turfgrasses. Injury to desired species was also evaluated. DCPA 75W, prodiamine 65W at both rates, oxadiazon, the benefin-trifluralin combination on fertilizer, pendimethalin 60DG, and CGA-41065 1.2 EC at all rates provided better than 80% control. All rates of cinmethylin, AC 263,222 and imazaquin provided less than 30% control and AC 263,222 caused considerable injury. The granular formulations of prodiamine (0.5 and 1.0 G) nearly provided acceptable control. However, it appeared that the 0.5G formulation had more potential than the 1.0 G because there was a rate effect. The 0.5 G provided better particle coverage which increased control, particularly when the rate was increased. The experimental CGA-41065 1.2 EC had very good efficacy particularly at the higher two rates (1.68 and 3.36 kg ai/ha) without causing injury to desired species."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	1 Table

Record: 11844
	Item 82 of 84
Authors	Watschke, T. L.; Hamilton, G.
Affiliation	Dept. of Agronomy, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
Title	Preemerence Crabgrass Control in Turf - 1986
Meeting Info.	Held: January 6-8, 1987, Williamsburg, VA.
Source	Proceedings of the 1987 Annual Meeting of the Northeastern. Vol. 41, January 1987, p. 209-210.
Pub. Info	Ithaca, N. Y. : Northeastern Weed Science Society
Keywords	Digitaria sanguinalis; Weed control; Preemergence herbicides; Cool season turfgrasses
Abstract	"Two experiments were conducted during 1986 to evaluate compounds for preemergence crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemun Screb. Michx.) control in cool season turfgrass. Many of the Chemical treatments in the two tests were identical and the treatment dates were only one day apart. The principal difference between the two tests was that on received irrigation following application and at any point during the season when wilt stress became apparent and the other test did not receive irrigation at any time. All treatments in the irrigated test provided acceptable control (at least 85%) without causing significant thinning or other injury. Pendimethalin, benefin + trifluralin, oxadiazon, DCPA, and bensulide all provided 95% control or better. Results from the nonirrigated study were somewhat different. Acceptable control was found for benefin, benefin + trifluralin on fertilizer carrier, oxadiazon at the high rate (3.36 kg ai/ha), DCPA, pendimethalin, and bensulide. The benefin + trifluralin combination when not formulated on fertilizer did not provide acceptable control. The experimental compound SD095841 did not provide acceptable control at any rate in the nonirrigated test, while in the irrigated study, acceptable control was atained for all rates. Two experimental benefin formulations were included in the nonirrigated study and neither provided acceptable control at either rate use (2.24 and 3.36 kg ai/ha)."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables
Note	This article is an abstract only!

Record: 11865
	Item 83 of 84
Authors	Watschke, T. L.; Hamilton, G.
Affiliation	Dept. Agronomy, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
Title	Control of Crabgrass from Fall Applied Preemergence Herbicides
Meeting Info.	Held: January 6-8, 1987, Williamsburg, VA.
Source	Proceedings of the 1987 Annual Meeting of the Northeastern. Vol. 41, January 1987, p. 244-245.
Pub. Info	Ithaca, N. Y. : Northeastern Weed Science Society
Keywords	Preemergence herbicides; Digitaria ischaemum; Cool season turfgrasses; Application timing; Autumn; Prodiamine; DCPA; Fine fescues
Abstract	"An experiment was initiated in November of 1984 to compare the effectiveness of fall versus spring application of various rates of prodiamine and DCPA for the control of smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) (Michx.)] in cool season turfgrass. Prodiamine 65 WDG and DCPA 75 W were applied at 0.28, 0.43, 0.56, 0.84, 2.24, and 8.4, 11.76, 16.8 respectively during fall 1984, spring 1985, fall 1985, and spring 1986. The turf was predominately fine fescue, maintained at moderate fertility, mowed with a rotary mower weekly at approx. 6 cm, and overseeded with smooth crabgrass between years. Smooth crabgrass control for the various rates and application dates was rated on August 29, 1986. Only the high rate of prodiamine adequately controlled crabgrass (85% or above) during 1986 when applications were made the fall of 1984 or the spring of 1985. However, all rates except the lowest controlled crabgrass during 1986 when applied the fall of 1985. All rates controlled crabgrass in 1986 when applications were made in the spring of 1986. DCPA adequately controlled crabgrass in 1986 only when applied in the spring of 1986 (all rates). DCPA did provide control from fall applications, but was generally 15 to 20 percent less than prodiamine. Control from spring applications was not different between the two products. Injury to fine fescue was rated on August 28, 1985. At that time, the two highest prodiamine rates had thinned the turf by 20 and 27 percent, respectively, as a result of treatment the previous fall. DCPA injury from treatment the previous fall was less severe. Spring treatment during 1985 resulted in comparable injury from the two highest rates of both herbicides. Injury was not apparent at the conclusion of the study (August 29, 1986). The population of fine fescue may have decreased and been replaced by other species in treatments that had caused significant injury. Prodiamine provided excellent control of crabgrass at low application rates when applied in either spring or fall. DCPA also provided control, but not a completely as prodiamine."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Table
Note	This article is an abstract only!

Record: 8192
	Item 84 of 84
Authors	Watschke, T. L.; Hamilton, G.
Affiliation	Pennsylvania State University
Title	Crabgrass control in 1985
Source	Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Northeastern Weed. Vol. 40, 1986, p. 278-279.
Pub. Info	Ithaca, N. Y. : Northeastern Weed Science Society
Keywords	Digitaria ischaemum; MSMA; EH 850; MCPP; 2,4-D; Dicamba; Crabgrass control; Benefin; Trifluralin; Prodiamine; Bensulide; Devrinol; DCPA; Pendimethalin; Fenoxaprop-ethyl
Abstract	"Two experiments were conducted during 1985 (one pre- and one post-emergence) to evaluate various herbicides for the control of smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Michx.] in cool season turfgrasses. The preemergence test was conducted to assess experimental materials and some combinations of products against the control achieved through the use of commercial standards. Acceptable control was found for all treatments. Benefin, benefin plus trifluralin, all rates of prodiamine, bensulide plus devrinol, DCPA, pendimethalin, pendimethalin plus devrinol, and all rates and formulations of bensulide controlled smooth crabgrass at least 90 percent. The postemergence test was initiated to: 1) evaluate experimental materials (EH 850 and fenoxyprop-ethyl) alone and in combination, 2) assess the effects of combination broadleaf herbicides on the efficacy of fenoxyprop-ethyl, 3) compare commercial standards alone and in combination with broadleaf herbicides. Acceptable control (85%) was found for fenoxyprop-ethyl applied at 0.22 and 0.28 kg ai/ha, fenoxyprop-ethyl combined with EH 850 at 0.28 and 8.96 kg ai/ha respectively, fenoxyprop-ethyl with 2,4-D, MCPP, and dicamba at 0.39, 1.23, 0.56 and 0.11 kg ai/ha respectively, and for MSMA at 2.24 kg ai/ha. All rates of EH 850 and the combination of EH 850 with MSMA and EH 850 with the low rate of fenoxyprop-ethyl did not provide acceptable control. Control from application of 2,4-D, MCPP, dicamba and MSMA was rated at 82 percent. When the two lower rates (0.17 and 0.28 kg ai/ha) of fenoxyprop-ethyl were tank mixed with 2,4-D, MCPP, and dicamba, control was not acceptable. Apparently, antagonism occurred when these chemicals were mixed which then decreased efficacy on smooth crabgrass."
Language	English
Note	Tables
Note	This article is an abstract only!
See also	Other items relating to: 2, 4 - D in Turf

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