Selected Results from the Turfgrass Information File

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Record: 97326
	Item 1 of 114
Hint:	This selected set of records from the Turfgrass Information File (TGIF) database includes a range of electronic and print publications relating to the use of recycled crumb rubber as a soil amendment in turf settings. Within this search, materials which have a web address or are otherwise available full-text online are listed first.
Reviewed by:	Dr. Douglas T. Hawes

Record: 95649
	Item 2 of 114
Authors	Quinney, Heather; Hensley, David
Affiliation	Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
Title	The influence of ground rubber tires, compost and fresh rice hulls on soil compaction
Meeting Info.	Mobile, Alabama: February 1-3, 2003
Source	HortScience. Vol. 39, No. 3, June 2004, p. 665.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Alexandria, VA: American Society for Horticultural Science
Web URL	Last checked 08/07/2007 Requires: Adobe Acrobat. Access conditions: Document is within a limited-access website.
Keywords	Rubber; Rice hulls; Compaction; Composts; Porosity; Physical properties of soil; Bulk density; Soil amendments; Hydraulic conductivity
Abstract	"Soil compaction, the pressing together of soil particles, results in a denser media with less pore space. The number and size of macropores are decreased, allowing soil particles to become closer, resulting in greater soil density. As bulk density increases, soil becomes more resistant to root penetration and water and nutrient infiltration are impeded. Compacted soils contain less oxygen, allowing a buildup of toxic gases. Compacted soils are a signficant problem in the landscape, construction sites, sports fields, golf courses, and farms. Excavated soil was mixed with ground rubber tires, rice hulls, and compost in an effort to reduce soil compaction and its effects on the soil. One control was not amended, and a second not excavated. Treatments were compacted with a tractor once per week after a period of settling.The effect of soil compaction was measured as saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), the ease with which water moves through the soil. Soil samples were extracted before compaction, and after 12 and 28 weeks of compaction. Compacting amended soil reduced Ksat for all treatments, compared to noncompacted evaluation, with the exception of the excavated control, 15% Ľ-inch tire, and 25% compost. The soils amended with 25% rice hulls and 25% ˝" tires were the most effective at improving ksat by the third sampling period."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!
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Record: 83053
	Item 3 of 114
Authors	Bladon, Michael
Affiliation	Editor, Sports Turf Manager
Title	There really is "so much riding on your tires"
Column name:	Mechanics Corner
Source	Sports Turf Manager [STA]. Vol. 15, No. 3, Autumn 2002, p. 20-21.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Guelph, Ontario: The Sports Turf Association
Web URL	Last checked 08/06/2009 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	pictures, b/w
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Record: 80637
	Item 4 of 114
Authors	Ormondroyd, Stuart
Affiliation	Head of Agronomy, Sports Turf Research Institute
Title	Old tyres to rubber crumb - the benefits of recycling
Section:	Golf
Source	International Turfgrass Bulletin. Vol. 216, April 2002, p. 13-16.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	Bingley, England: Sports Turf Research Institute
Web URL	Last checked 05/2005 Requires: Adobe Acrobat. Notes: Available to TGIF and STRI users.
Keywords	Rubber; Recycling; Topdressing; Soil amendments; Traffic damage; Inorganic amendments; Injurious factors; Particle size; Golf courses
Abstract	Discusses "the potential uses and benefits of rubber crumb for sports turf, including golf, not only as a top dressing but also for rootzones." Describes how used tires are processed, the procedure for applying rubber crumb, and research on rubber crumb. States that "rubber crumb certainly has a use for top dressing and rootzone incorporation in the future and the strong likelihood is that it will be an increasing one."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 83116
	Item 5 of 114
Authors	Schroder, Eric
Affiliation	Editor, SportsTurf
Title	Used correctly, crumb rudder [rubber] can help
Column name:	The front office
What it is:	Editorial
Source	SportsTurf. Vol. 18, No. 10, October 2002, p. 6.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Chicago, IL: Bev-Al Communications (m2media360)
Web URL	Last checked 03/05/2009 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Rubber; Soil amendments; Athletic fields; Sports turf; Football fields; Traffic; Topdressing; Wear resistance
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 80273
	Item 6 of 114
Authors	Baker, S. W.; Hannaford, J.; Fox, H.
Affiliation	Baker and Hannaford: The Sports Turf Research Institute, Bingley, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; Fox: School of Leisure and Sports Studies, Leeds Metropolitan University, Beckett Park Campus, Leeds, United Kingdom
Title	Physical characteristics of sports turf rootzones amended and top dressed with rubber crumb
Source	Journal of Turfgrass Science. Vol. 77, 2001, p. 59-70.
# of pages:	12
Pub. Info	Bingley, West Yorkshire, UK: The Sports Turf Research Institute
Web URL	Last checked 09/19/2005 Requires: Adobe Acrobat. Notes: Available to TGIF and STRI users.
Keywords	Physical properties of soil; Sports turf; Sand-based root zones; Soil amendments; Topdressing; Rubber; Hydraulic conductivity; Bulk density; Porosity; Capillary porosity; Air filled porosity; Surface hardness; Shear resistance; Soil water retention
Abstract	"The physical properties of sand-soil rootzones were examined after the incorporation of rubber crumb. Four size grades of rubber crumb were either mixed into the rootzone at rates varying from 0-50% by volume or applied on the surface, with depths ranging from 0-20 mm. The hydraulic conductivity of mixes containing rubber crumb tended to increase, especially when incorporation rates exceeded 30% (v/v). Hydraulic conductivity was greatest when medium grades (0.25-1.5 mm) of rubber crumb were used. With coarser grades of rubber crumb, it was thought that significant interpacking took place between the rubber crumb and the rootzone mix. Bulk density decreased as the incorporation rate of rubber crumb increased and bulk density values were greater for the coarser grades of rubber crumb (1-3 mm or 2-8 mm material). Total porosity decreased with incorporation rate for the coarser grades of rubber crumb but was hardly affected by fine (0.125-1.0 mm) and medium grade material. Capillary porosity decreased with incorporation rate and finer crumb size, while air-filled porosity was greatest where medium grade material was used. Increasing rates of rubber crumb reduced surface hardness and shear strength. When used as a top dressing material, increasing depth of rubber crumb caused increases in total porosity and air-filled porosity and decreases in bulk density, capillary porosity, hardness and shear strength. The effects of crumb grade were generally not significant, although for hydraulic conductivity values decreased with depth for fine grade material. The use of rubber crumb gave advantages of increased hydraulic conductivity and reduced bulk density and hardness. However, the consequences of large quantities of rubber crumb on water retention and surface stability must be considered. In general, medium grade rubber crumb (0.5-1.5 mm) appeared to be the most effective for use with sand-dominated rootzones."
Language	English
# of References	14
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs
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Record: 74254
	Item 7 of 114
Authors	Owings, Allen D.; Bush, Edward W.
Affiliation	Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA
Title	Assessment of macro and micro-nutrient accumulation in bermudagrass grown in crumb rubber amended media
Section:	Poster session 20: Plant nutrition
Meeting Info.	98th Annual International Conference of the American Society for Horticultural Science, July 22-25, 2000, Sacramento, CA
Source	HortScience. Vol. 36, No. 3, June 2001, p. 541.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Alexandria, VA: American Society for Horticultural Science
Web URL	Last checked 08/06/2007 Requires: Adobe Acrobat. Access conditions: Document is within a limited-access website. Notes: Document is within a single larger file.
Keywords	Macronutrients; Micronutrients; Cynodon dactylon; Rubber; Soil amendments; Leaf tissue; Growth; Nitrogen; Potassium; Manganese; Zinc; Inorganic amendments; Vegetative propagation
Abstract	"A study was initiated by the Louisiana State Univ AgCenter to determine the influence of media incorporations of crumb rubber on accumulation of macro and micro-nutrients in leaf tissue of common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.). Vegetative growth influences were also measured. Common bermudagrass was established by seeding 7.6 L containers filled with either 80% sand : 20% peat moss, 67.5% sand : 20% peat moss : 12.5% crumb rubber, 55% sand : 20% peat moss : 25% crumb rubber, or 42.5% sand : 20% peat moss : 37.5% crumb rubber. Increasing rates of crumb rubber in media significantly increased leaf tissue levels of N, K, Mn, and Zn. Levels of Zn and Mn exceeded optimum levels recommended for bermudagrass. There was no statistical difference in leaf tissue concentrations of P, Ca, Mg, Na, B, Cu, and Fe. Vegetative growth was decreased with increasing rates of crumb rubber in the media. Crumb rubber rates >12.5% (by volume) sharply reduced vegetative growth."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!
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Record: 66095
	Item 8 of 114
Authors	McNeal, Abby
Affiliation	Athletic Turfgrass Manager, University of Colorado
Title	Maintenance tactics for high traffic areas
Source	SportsTURF. Vol. 16, No. 7, July 2000, p. 18, 20-21.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	Riverton, NJ: Adams Publishing Co.
Keywords	Sports turf maintenance; High maintenance; Traffic; Wear; Traffic control; Facility scheduling; Use-discipline; Rubber; Protective covers; Athletic fields; Growth regulators; Planning; Networking
Abstract	Addresses several factors to consider when managing high-traffic sports turf, including field layout, scheduling, crumb rubber, protective covers, growth regulators, development of a maintenance program, and networking with other turf professionals.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Includes sidebars, "In establishing a schedule consider:", p. 18,and "[Choosing flooring and protection products]", p. 20
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Record: 64250
	Item 9 of 114
Authors	Hamilton, G. W.
Affiliation	Department of Agronomy, Penn State University
Title	The effects of crumb rubber on the density and surface hardness of perennial ryegrass
Section:	Soil modification
Source	1999 Annual Research Report [Penn State]. 1999, p. 17-19.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	[University Park, PA]: Center for Turfgrass Science, The Pennsylvania State University
Web URL	Last checked 03/2004 Requires: Adobe Acrobat. Notes: Document is within a single large file.
Keywords	Rubber; Wear resistance; Stress; Lolium perenne; Traffic; Density; Surface hardness; Topdressings; Application rates
Abstract	Discusses a study designed to evaluate crumb rubber "as a material for topdressing turfgrass sites to increase turfgrass wear tolerance." Results indicate that the crumb rubber "did not have any significant effect on the density of a perennial ryegrass turf under simulated traffic." Results also show that "the crumb rubber treatments did not significantly increase the surface hardness of the turf on two of the three rating dates."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, b/w
Note	Figures
Note	Tables
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Record: 60537
	Item 10 of 114
Authors	Kind, Mark
Affiliation	Technical Editor, Golf Course Management
Title	Will laying rubber save water?
Column name:	Turf talk
What it is:	Q & A
Source	Golf Course Management. Vol. 67, No. 7, July 1999, p. 48.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Lawrence, KS: Golf Course Superintendents Association of America
Keywords	Rubber; Recycling; Golf course construction; Water conservation
Abstract	Discusses the effects of placing halves of rubber tires underneath turf stands to conserve water. Notes that many superintendents claim to need less water where tires are in use, despite lack of proof from research. Describes the potential impact on U.S. waste tire production, and the lack of pollutants from tires.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 63343
	Item 11 of 114
Authors	McClements, Ian
Affiliation	Sports Turf Research Institute Agronomist, Ireland
Title	Play on - damage limitation on grass surfaces
Column name:	Turf talk
Source	International Turfgrass Bulletin. Vol. 206, October 1999, p. 29-30.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Bingley, England: Sports Turf Research Institute
Web URL	Last checked 05/2005 Requires: Adobe Acrobat. Notes: Available to TGIF and STRI users.
Keywords	Sports turf; Golf courses; Wear; Trafficability; Playability; Cultural methods; Turf reinforcing systems; Root zone stabilization; Traffic control; Sand topdressings; Rubber; Turf trays; Root zone
Abstract	Discusses a number of "innovative systems" designed to "increase the durability of the playing surface and retain a higher percentage of grass under wear." Systems discussed include traffic control, surface improvements, grass pavers, rootzone stabilization, and plastic turf systems.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 58309
	Item 12 of 114
Authors	Vanini, J. T.; Rogers, J. N. III; Crum, J. R.
Affiliation	Vanini: Former Research Technician, Crop and Soil Science Department, Michigan State University; Rogers: Associate Professor, Turfgrass Management, Michigan State University; Crum: Professor Soil Science, Michigan State University
Title	Crumb rubber benefits trafficked turf: This surplus product cushions grass crowns against wear and tear
Section:	Research
Source	Golf Course Management. Vol. 67, No. 4, April 1999, p. 71-74.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	Lawrence, KS: Golf Course Superintendents Association of America
Keywords	Rubber; Topdressing; Traffic damage; Preventive control; Particle size; Application rates
Abstract	Discusses the uses of crumb rubber topdressing. Topdressing is an important factor in management practices when there is an area with high traffic. Sand is a popular material used for topdressing. It has been found that sand can be detrimental to areas with dormant, weak or shaded turfgrass. For that reaseon there was an experiment performed to test softer materials as topdressing. At Michigan State University they tested a mixture of 80% crumb rubber and 20% peat soil as a softer topdressing. There was a large-size test group as well as a small-size. The small size crumb rubber had greater effects on clipping yields than the large size. Smaller crumbs were also more beneficial at lower rates. This was probably due to the protection of the crown areas. It was found that crumb rubber from used tires has the potential to alter surface characteristics and increase wear tolerance of trafficked turfgrass.
Language	English
# of References	5
Note	Pictures, color
Note	Tables
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Record: 152740
	Item 13 of 114
Authors	Anonymous
Title	Crumb rubber: An environmental opportunity for turf
Source	Illinois Turfgrass Update. Summer 1998, p. [1-2].
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	[Chicago, IL: Illinois Turfgrass Foundation]
Web URL	Last checked 08/17/2009
Keywords	Quality; Rubber; Golf course in the environment; Wear resistance; Resiliency
Abstract	Discusses advancements in soil compaction resistance - using old rubber tires. The rubber is crumbled and incorporated into the soil, protecting the turfgrass crowns and creating macropores for air and water penetration.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Reprint appears in Oncourse, 52(4) September 1998, p. 22, 24
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Record: 57616
	Item 14 of 114
Authors	Chong, She-Kong
Affiliation	Southern Illinois University Department of Plant and Soil Science
Title	Turf soils research at Southern Illinois University-Carbondale [II. Turf on crumb rubber]
Source	1998 Illinois Turfgrass Research Report. 1998, p. 27.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	[Urbana, IL: University of Illinois, Southern Illinois University, Illinois Turfgrass Foundation, Chicago District Golf Association
Web URL	Last checked 04/2001 Requires: Adobe Acrobat. Notes: Document is within a single large file.
Keywords	Rubber; Particle size; Application rates
Abstract	Evaluates the effects on quality of turfgrass in the rooting medium when crumb rubber is used as an amendment. This research is presently in progress, and in 1999 it is expected that researchers will evaluate the effects of topdressings as well.
Language	English
# of References	0
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Record: 74666
	Item 15 of 114
Authors	Groenevelt, P. H.; Grunthal, P. E.
Affiliation	Land Resource Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Title	Utilisation of crumb rubber as a soil amendment for sports turf
Section:	Construction and use of artificial soils
Source	Soil & Tillage Research. Vol. 47, June 1998, p. 169-172.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	Amsterdam: Elsevier
Web URL	Last checked 11//01/2004 Access conditions: Document is within a limited access website.
Keywords	Rubber; Soil amendments; Inorganic amendments; Sports turf; Recycling; Physical properties of soil; Compaction; Surface hardness; Environmental effects
Abstract	"In Canada, the Province of Ontario generates about ten million waste tires per year. According to 1991 government statistics less than 20% of these tires are recycled, some of which are granulated to produce crumb rubber. An innovation application for this secondary resource is as an efficient, economical and environmentally sound soil amendment. A rubber crumb-based soil amendment can enhance the physical properties of soils susceptible to the negative effects of compaction. Highly compacted sports fields require constant aeration to maintain a healthy and safe playing surface. Rubber crumb adds resiliency to sports turf. Standard United States Golf Association tests revealed that admixtures containing 20% or less crumb rubber mantained recommended total porosity values. Field tests showed that 10-20% crumb rubber significantly reduced surface hardness. Analysis of metals, VOC's and BNA extractable compounds from admixture leachate revealed no deleterious effects to the environment due to inclusion of rubber crumb in turfgrass root zones."
Language	English
# of References	4
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Record: 50811
	Item 16 of 114
Authors	Salmond, Jeffrey J.; Minner, David D.
Affiliation	Graduate Student and Research Associate; and Associate Professor, Turfgrass Science Research and Extension, Horticulture Department, Iowa State University
Title	Rubber tire particles as a topdressing amendment for intensely trafficked grass - 1996-97 data
Section:	Turfgrass management
Source	1998 Iowa Turfgrass Research Report. 1998, p. 110-115.
# of pages:	6
Pub. Info	Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Extension
Web URL	Last checked 4/2004
Keywords	Rubber; Topdressing; Amendments; Traffic
Language	English
# of References	4
Note	Tables
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Record: 50812
	Item 17 of 114
Authors	Salmond, Jeffrey J.; Minner, David D.
Affiliation	Graduate Student and Research Associate; and Associate Professor, Turfgrass Science Research and Extension, Horticulture Department, Iowa State University
Title	The effect of topdressing with rubber buffings on intensely tracked football turf - 1996-97 data
Section:	Turfgrass management
Source	1998 Iowa Turfgrass Research Report. 1998, p. 116-118.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Extension
Web URL	Last checked 4/2004
Keywords	Topdressing; Rubber; Traffic; Sports turf
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables
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Record: 50820
	Item 18 of 114
Authors	Salmond, Jeffrey J.; Minner, David D.
Affiliation	Graduate Student and Research Associate; and Associate Professor, Turfgrass Science Research and Extension, Horticulture Department, Iowa State University
Title	Rubber particles for vehicular and foot traffic areas - demonstration plot
Section:	Soil modification and sand-based systems
Source	1998 Iowa Turfgrass Research Report. 1998, p. 150.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Extension
Web URL	Last checked 4/2004
Keywords	Rubber; Traffic; Application
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Figures
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Record: 71354
	Item 19 of 114
Authors	Sorochan, J. C.; Rogers, J. N. III
Affiliation	Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
Title	Comparing Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) versus Supina bluegrass (Poa supina Schrad.) and crumb rubber within SportGrass® for indoor stadia
Web Source	Trey Rogers' Home Pages. [19xx], p. [1-7]
# of pages:	7
Web URL	Last checked 1/2000 Notes: Text color may need to be changed on this webpage in order to print properly.
Keywords	Turfgrass quality; Indoor turf; Topdressings; Athletic fields; Sports turf; Traffic; Poa pratensis; Comparisons; Poa supina; Rubber; Turf reinforcing systems; Stadia; Color; Density; Clipping weight; Surface hardness; Shear resistance; Shear vanes
Abstract	Presents the results of a study comparing Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and supina bluegrass (Poa supina) for growth in a SportGrass turf reinforcing system for indoor stadia. The grasses were evaluated for color, quality, density, clipping yield, surface hardness and shear resistance. The effects of crumb rubber topdressing on these qualities were also examined. Kentucky bluegrass had greater color, quality, clipping yield and shear resistance, while supina bluegrass had greater density. There were no differences between species for surface hardness, but crumb rubber topdressing resulted in lower surface hardness for both species. Crumb rubber topdressing also resulted in lower shear strength, though this is thought to be due to measurement effects.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	May have problems printing in Netscape, try to use Internet Explorer
Note	Tables
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Record: 42038
	Item 20 of 114
Authors	Sorochan, J. C.; Rogers, J. N. III
Affiliation	Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University
Title	Turfgrass research for high trafficked areas: [II. Determining the performance of Poa Supina grown in varying media for athletic field conditions under reduced light conditions]
Meeting Info.	East Lansing, MI: January 19-22, 1998
Source	Proceedings of the 68th Annual Michigan Turfgrass Conference. Vol. 27, 1998, p. 13-17.
# of pages:	5
Pub. Info	East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University
Web URL	Last checked 02/27/2009 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Poa supina; Athletic fields; Indoor turf; Growing media; Wood fiber mulch; Composts; Turf reinforcing systems; Washed sod; Rubber; Topdressing; Color; Density; Traffic; Surface hardness; Turfgrass quality; Clipping weight; Shear resistance
Abstract	Presents the results of a study investigating the effect of growth media on turfgrass color, density, quality, growth, surface hardness, and shear strength under low light, high traffic conditions. Growth media examined included two turf reinforcement systems (EcomatM and SportGrassM), wood mulch, compost, and washed sod. The effects of crumb rubber topdressing on turfgrass characteristics were also examined. Plots with crumb rubber topdressing exhibited greater turf density, quality and shear strength and lower surface hardness. Turf grown on turf reinforcement systems and washed sod had higher surface hardness and shear strength than turf grown on wood mulch or compost. Otherwise, all treatments provided acceptable turf quality.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables
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Record: 54937
	Item 21 of 114
Authors	Winter, Peter
Affiliation	STRI Turfgrass Adviser for South-West
Title	Racing into the future to keep the going good
Section:	Spotlight on horse racing
Source	International Turfgrass Bulletin. Vol. 200, April 1998, p. 13-16.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	Bingley, England: Sports Turf Research Institute
Web URL	Last checked 05/2005 Requires: Adobe Acrobat. Notes: Available to TGIF and STRI users.
Keywords	Race tracks; Maintenance; Surface hardness; Surfaces; Wear; Use-discipline; Futures
Abstract	Discusses the growth of industries surrounding horse-racing and emphasizes the importance of good turf to the event. Describes the "going," or resiliency of the turf under various weather conditions. Also discusses the importance of maintaining a good racing surface and properly managing how the surface is used. Also describes other aspects involved with turf management including the deep cut turf tiling technique, rainfall forecasting, and crumb rubber top dressing.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 39773
	Item 22 of 114
Authors	Anonymous
Title	Topdressing with old tires
Column name:	Turf talk
What it is:	Q & A
Source	Golf Course Management. Vol. 65, No. 3, March 1997, p. 46.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Lawrence, KS: Golf Course Superintendents Association of America
Keywords	Topdressing; Rubber; Traffic; Recycling; Protection; Wear; Compaction; Wear resistance
Abstract	Discusses the practice of topdressing and the usage of crumb rubber, or ground up tire. Explains that certain amounts of the topdressing soil helps heavily traveled grass in its durability. Describes the results of experimentations with certain amounts of rubber and explains that the crumb rubber seemingly is the answer to common compaction problems.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 41631
	Item 23 of 114
Authors	Rogers, J. N. III; Vanini, J. T.
Affiliation	Rogers: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University; Vanini: Head Hockey Coach, Cortland State University, New York
Title	Stretching your dollars with crumb rubber
Column name:	Applicator's Log
Source	SportsTURF. Vol. 13, No. 10, October 1997, p. 27-28, 31-32.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	Cathedral City, CA: Adams Publishing Co.
Web URL	Last checked 03/02/2009 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Includes sidebar, "Materials and methods", p. 32
Note	Tables
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Record: 51337
	Item 24 of 114
Authors	Salmond, Jeffrey J.; Minner, David D.
Affiliation	Graduate Student and Research Associate; and Associate Professor, Turfgrass Science Research and Extension, Horticulture Department, Iowa State University
Title	Rubber tire particles as a topdressing amendment for intensely trafficked grass - 1996 data
Section:	Turf management
Source	1997 Iowa Turfgrass Research Report. 1997, p. 104-107.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Extension
Web URL	Last checked 04/2004 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Rubber; Topdressing; Amendments; Traffic
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Website version of article is incomplete.
Note	Tables
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Record: 51338
	Item 25 of 114
Authors	Salmond, Jeffrey J.; Minner, David D.
Affiliation	Graduate Student and Research Associate; and Associate Professor, Turfgrass Science Research and Extension, Horticulture Department, Iowa State University
Title	The effect of topdressing with rubber buffings on intensely trafficked football turf
Section:	Turf management
Source	1997 Iowa Turfgrass Research Report. 1997, p. 108-109.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Extension
Web URL	Last checked 4/2004 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Topdressing; Rubber; Traffic; Athletic fields
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables
See also	Other items relating to: Crumb rubber as a soil amendment

Record: 41972
	Item 26 of 114
Authors	Sorochan, J. C.; Rogers, J. N. III
Affiliation	Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michgan State University
Title	1996 sports turf management program update: [IV. Effects of crumb rubber and sand selection on surface characteristics of SportGrass]
Meeting Info.	East Lansing, MI: January 20-24, 1997
Source	Proceedings of the 67th Annual Michigan Turfgrass Conference. Vol. 26, 1997, p. 9-11.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University
Keywords	Rubber; Sand; Product profile; Turf reinforcing systems; Surface hardness; Traction
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	"Although referred to in the text, Tables 1.1, 1.2, & 3.0 were inadvertantly left out of the 1997 Proceedings in part or entirety. The authors apologize for any inconveniences."
Note	Tables
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Record: 75079
	Item 27 of 114
Authors	Diesburg, Kenneth; Chong, She-Kong
Title	Southern Illinois University turf expands into soils research
Source	1996 Illinois Turfgrass Research Summary. 1996, p. 20-23.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	[Urbana, IL: University of Illinois, Southern Illinois University, Illinois Turfgrass Foundation, Chicago District Golf Association
Series	SB-690
Web URL	Last checked 02/16/06 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Soils; Organic amendments; Sand-based root zones; Soil amendments; Golf greens; Root zone; Sports turf; Infiltration; Soil water retention; Peat; Characteristics; Rubber
Cultivar names:	Penncross; Crenshaw; A-4
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Graphs
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Record: 67239
	Item 28 of 114
Authors	Grunthal, Paul E.
Affiliation	Master's student, Soil Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario
Title	Buried treasure: The "dirt" on inorganic soil amendments to enhance turfgrass
Section:	Turfgrass
Source	GreenMaster. Vol. 31, No. 3, June/July 1996, p. 8-10.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	Richmond Hill, Ontario: Kenilworth Publishing Inc.
Web URL	Last checked 09/29/2008 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Golf courses; Soil amendments; Inorganic amendments; Sand; Calcined clay; Perlite; Clinoptilolite; Vermiculite; Shale; Calcined diatomaceous earth; Pumice; Slags; Rubber
Abstract	Discusses various inorganic soil amendments, including sand, calcined clay, perlite, zeolite, processed mica, expanded shales, diatomite, pumice, slag, and crumb rubber.
Language	English
# of References	0
See also:	See also related article "[Very slanted]" GreenMaster, 31(4) August/September 1996 p. 6 R=116028 click here
See also:	See also related letter "[To the editor]," October/November 1996 31(5) p. 18 R=116106
Note	Pictures, b/w
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Record: 37891
	Item 29 of 114
Authors	Hartwiger, Christopher E.
Affiliation	Agronomist, USGA Green Section's Florida and Southeastern Regions
Title	Lay down some rubber
Source	USGA Green Section Record. Vol. 34, No. 3, May/June 1996, p. 19-20.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Far Hills, NJ: United States Golf Association, Green Section
Web URL	Last checked 10/2002 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Rubber solution; Topdressing; Traffic damage
Abstract	Discusses the advantages in the use of crumb rubber topdressing to protect damaged turf areas from traffic wear. Also mentions the physical properties of crumb rubber and how it interacts with soil and turf.
Available?	also on the USGA CD-ROM set
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 39036
	Item 30 of 114
Authors	Rogers, John N. III; Sorochan, John C.; Crum, James R.
Affiliation	Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
Title	Effect of Mulch type for turf establishment
Section:	Program update
Meeting Info.	East Lansing, MI: January 15-18, 1996
Source	Proceedings of the 66th Annual Michigan Turfgrass Conference. Vol. 25, 1996, p. 1-4.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University
Web URL	Last checked 02/20/2009 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Mulches; Turfgrass establishment; Plastic media; Growing media; Rubber; Growth habit; Moisture
Abstract	"Mulches have a demonstrated ability to provide favorable growing conditions for turfgrass establishment. The use of mulch benefits turfgrass establishment by maintaining consistent moisture levels. Moisture is important for seed germination, especially during imbibition. Mulches also reduce the potential of seeds lost to either runoff or wind erosion. One disadvantage to mulching is the method of application, as it often requires large machinery or bulky materials (straw and hydro mulch). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different mulches on turfgrass establishment. The mulches studied were: Germinator, straw, fine grade compost, crumb rubber, hydro mulch, PennMulch, and clay loam native soil. Germinator is a new product that acts as a polymer and sticking agent intended to maintain moisture levels and prevent erosion. Crumb rubber (0.25 inches) is a mulch that demonstrates the ability to provide higher temperatures for longer periods of time as a result of its black color. Easily applied, crumb rubber also provides protection for the crown of the turfgrass plant, important after establishment in traffic situations. Hydro mulch is shredded paper that is pre-mixed with water, and is very effective at maintaining soil moistures. PennMulch is a new product in the form of compressed pellets of shredded paper, and can be applied by using a drop spreader. After applying the PennMulch, water applications break up the pellets ans provide a swollen uniform cover. A clay loam native soil contains nutrients and has a good water holding capacity, as well as a plot with no mulch (control) was used for comparison. Ecomat is a recycled wood fiber mat and was used as the growth medium on plastic sheeting for the turfgrass establishment. Sod production on plastic is a relatively new practice and demonstrates many advantages versus traditional sod production. Root shearing during sod harvesting is eliminated when grown on plastic which allows the sod to establish faster when laid. The sod is light weight due to the absence of soil allowing for cheaper shipping costs and larger sod pieces. The sod pieces are held together by the binding of the roots, thus enabling the production of turfgrasses with bunch type growth habits. A comparison of mulch types allowed for a direct determination of their effectiveness during establishment of grasses with different growth habits."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Figures
Note	Graphs
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Record: 37326
	Item 31 of 114
Authors	Vanini, J. T.; Rogers, J. N. III
Affiliation	Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
Title	Topdressing with crumb rubber from used tires in turfgrass areas
Meeting Info.	East Lansing, MI: January 17-19, 1995
Source	Proceedings of the 65th Annual Michigan Turfgrass Conference. Vol. 24, 1995, p. 235-240.
# of pages:	6
Pub. Info	East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University
Web URL	Last checked 02/20/2009 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Athletic fields; Sports turf; Waste utilization; Topdressings; Particle size; Application rates; Color; Shear resistance; Temperatures; Spring green-up; Density; Poa pratensis; Lolium perenne; Traffic; Wear resistance; Playability; Aesthetic values; Turfgrass quality; Costs; Rubber; Topdressing; Soil amendments; Tire fabric waste; Costs
Abstract	Describes research examining the benefits of crumb rubber on sports turf and determining an "incorporation method which is less disruptive and easier than tilling crumb rubber into the soil profile." To determine "optimal particle sizes and application rates, crumb rubber was topdressed in a 2X5 randomized complete block design with three replications." Factors rated included impact absorption, wear resistance, turf color, shear values, surface temperatures, and stand density. Results indicate that smaller particle size increased stand density, impact absorption ratios were lower at higher application rates, shear values decreased as rubber levels increased, and surface temperatures increased as rubber levels increased. Concludes that "when topdressed, crumb rubber can extend turfgrass wear tolerance and reduce soil compaction in high traffic areas."
Language	English
# of References	7
Note	Tables
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Record: 31281
	Item 32 of 114
Authors	Anonymous
Title	Old tires and compost brings new turf
Source	SportsTURF. Vol. 10, No. 8, August 1994, p. 16.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Cathedral City, CA: Adams Publishing Co.
Web URL	Last checked 05/01/2009 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Drainage; Compaction; Rubber; Renovation; Composts; Facility profile; Soil amendments; Wisconsin
Facility names:	Carson Park Football Stadium, in Eau Claire, Wisconsin
Abstract	"Renovation came to Carson Park Football Stadium through an unlikely connection- old tires and compost, marketed as Rebound. Using a grant funded by Wisconsin's $2-per-tire fee collected with new-vehicle registration, the city of Eau Claire was able to get new turf put into the stadium and keep 11,600 used tires out of landfills."
ISBN	Carson Park Football Stadium
Language	English
# of References	0
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Record: 37666
	Item 33 of 114
Authors	Groenevelt, Pieter; Grunthal, Paul; O'Dell, Brian
Affiliation	Department of Land Resource Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont. N1G 2W1
Title	Formulation of a rubber-based admixture for turfgrass root zones - Progress 1994
Section:	Turfgrass management
Source	1994 Annual Research Report [Guelph]. 1994, p. 43.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Guelph, Ontario: University of Guelph
Web URL	Last checked 09/08/2005
Keywords	Herbicides; 2,4-D; Mecoprop; Dicamba; Soil amendments; Physical properties of soil; Rubber; Tire fabric waste; Chemical analysis; Biodegradation; Soil conditioners; Root zone; Waste materials; Soil improvement; Maintenance costs; Turfgrass quality
Abstract	"The University of Guelph, Department of Land Resource Science, was contracted by a Canadian company to conduct a preliminary investigation on the utilization of granulated rubber in soil. Phase I of this project consisted of a three-part investigation into the use of tire-derived rubber crumb as physical soil amendment. The investigation included a comprehensive literature review, chemical analysis, and long-term biodegradation assessment of crumb rubber samples. Phase I was completed on 25 May, 1994. Initial findings were encouraging and have indicated potential markets for crumb rubber as a soil conditioner. Phase II was proposed to enable a comprehensive evaluation of crumb rubber for agricultural (Phase IIa) and turfgrass (Phase IIb) applications. Phase IIa was found not to be economically viable and terminated. Phase IIb was expanded to investigate the physical and chemical benefits of vulcanized rubber crumb when ameliorated with the root zone material for turfgrass. In addition, other waste products were explored as possible additives in the development of a unique soil admixture for the turfgrass industry. Each component of the amendment is designed to enhance specific soil characteristics. Based on past findings, it has been proposed that the crumb rubber admixture will enhance the physical characteristics of soil; thus, improving the quality and performance of the turf while decreasing maintenance costs. Durability, lifespan, and cost are only a few benefits of rubber crumb in comparison to conventional inorganic soil amendments. Physical soil characteristics which will be improved include resiliency and decompaction, porosity, aeration, and infiltration. The main economic incentives for the application of a high-value soil admixture to high traffic areas in golf courses and sports fields are intangible benefits associated with sward quality, such as ball rebound and roll characteristics. Healthy turf may also extend the playing season. These benefits combined with decreased maintenance of the playing surface could pay for the installation of the amendment in just over two years. Phase II of the project will commence at the Guelph Turfgrass Institute in April 1995."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Web document
Note	This article is an abstract only!
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See also	Other items relating to: 2, 4 - D in Turf

Record: 32089
	Item 34 of 114
Authors	Nus, Jeff
Affiliation	Research Manager, Golf Course Superintendents Association of America
Title	Building a favorable foundation: Soil amendments: Compaction-resistant root zones that provide sufficient levels of oxygen, moisture and nutrients often require a helping hand
Source	Golf Course Management. Vol. 62, No. 8, August 1994, p. 54-58.
# of pages:	5
Pub. Info	Lawrence, KS: Golf Course Superintendents Association of America
Web URL	Last checked 09/30/2008 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Root zone; Soil amendments; Peat; Rice hulls; Calcined clay; Polymers; Rubber; Laboratory tests
Abstract	"Compaction-resistant root zones that provide sufficient levels of oxygen, moisture and nutrients often require a helping hand." Discusses root zone basics, the purpose for using a physical soil amendment, the choices of soil amendments, and lab tests.
Language	English
# of References	31
Note	Pictures, color & b/w
Note	Tables
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Record: 29011
	Item 35 of 114
Authors	Vanini, J. T.; Rogers, J. N.; Crum, J. R.
Affiliation	Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University
Title	Core cultivation as a tool to incorporate crumb rubber into high trafficked turf
Meeting Info.	East Lansing, MI: January 18-20, 1994
Source	Proceedings of the 64th Annual Michigan Turfgrass Conference. Vol. 23, 1994, p. 145-147.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University
Web URL	Last checked 02/27/2009 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Coring; Rubber; Traffic; Soil amendments
Abstract	"From research conducted 1990-1992 at Michigan State University, crumb rubber tilled into the soil profile has proven its potential in reducing compaction and decreasing surface hardness. The next question is how to incorporate this product more efficiently into the soil profile, ie. without removing an area from use." The details of this study are given. The test areas were both highly trafficked and it was hoped that the rubber would move down into the soil profile because of the constant pounding received by the surface.
Language	English
# of References	1
Note	Table
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Record: 28555
	Item 36 of 114
Authors	Banks, Dan
Affiliation	Benham Chemical Corporation
Title	Rubberized turf: Old tires can give new life to turf!
Source	The Bull Sheet. Vol. 47, No. 4, September 1993, p. 16.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Midwest Association of Golf Course Superintendents
Web URL	Last checked 09/30/2008 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Compaction; Traffic; Rubber; Aerification; Topdressing; Soil amendments
Abstract	Discusses shredded rubber as a possible topdressing material. Explains that "rubber cannot be compacted. Hence, when rubber is incorporated into a soil mix it also cannot be compacted and root penetration is achieved." Lists suggested sizes of shredded rubber for different uses, including soil integration, aerification, and topdressing.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Reprint appears in Divots, January/February 1994, p. 17
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Record: 24458
	Item 37 of 114
Authors	Rogers, J. N.; Vanini, J. T.; Poley, T.
Title	The effect of crumb rubber as a soil amendment in a heavy traffic situation
Meeting Info.	East Lansing, MI: January 5-7, 1993
Source	Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Michigan Turfgrass Conference. Vol. 22, 1993, p. 9-13.
# of pages:	5
Pub. Info	East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University
Web URL	Last checked 02/16/2009 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Rubber; Soil amendments; Traffic; Poa pratensis; Lolium perenne; Poa annua; Impact energy absorption; Soil moisture; Shear resistance
Language	English
# of References	0
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Record: 27980
	Item 38 of 114
Authors	Rogers, J. N. III; Waddington, D. V.
Affiliation	Department of Plant and Soil Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Department of Agronomy, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Title	Present status of quantification of sports turf surface characteristics in North America
Meeting Info.	7th International Turfgrass Society Research Conference, Palm Beach, FL, USA, 18-24 July, 1993
Source	International Turfgrass Society Research Journal. Vol. 7, 1993, p. 231-237.
# of pages:	7
Pub. Info	Overland Park, KS: INTERTEC Publishing Corp.
Web URL	Last checked 09/29/2008 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Sports turf; Standards; Surfaces; Performance; North America
Abstract	"Limited research on sports turf surface characteristics has been completed and published by researchers in North America; however, an increasing but still relatively small number of turf research programs currently include some phase of surface characterization. Complete and current research has evaluated impact absorption and traction on various turf and soil surfaces. Methods of measurement for these characteristics have slso been addressed. A traffic simulator has been developed for use with field research. The effects of man made fibers, crumb rubber, and water absorbing polymers on surfaces have been evaluated, and are the topics of current studies. Those involved with surface research acknowledge the need for further research and the development of standards related to sports field construction and maintenance and to measurement of surface characteristics."
Language	English
# of References	22
Note	"Symposium address: Chapter 26"
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Record: 26240
	Item 39 of 114
Authors	Ventola, M.; Rea, J. A.; Rogers, J. N. III
Affiliation	Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
Title	Recycled rubber as a soil amendment
Meeting Info.	East Lansing, MI: January 20-22, 1992
Source	Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Michigan Turfgrass Conference. Vol. 21, 1992, p. 217-220.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University
Web URL	Last checked 02/16/2009 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Sports turf; Soil amendments; Impact tests; Rubber; Traffic; Lolium perenne; Poa pratensis; Soil modification
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Figures
Note	Table
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Record: 26494
	Item 40 of 114
Authors	Rogers, John N. III; Ventola, Michael W.
Affiliation	Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University
Title	1990 athletic field research summary: [II. Crumb rubber from used tires as a soil modifier for athletic fields]
Meeting Info.	East Lansing, MI: January 21-23, 1991
Source	Proceedings of the 61st Annual Michigan Turfgrass Conference. Vol. 20, 1991, p. 18-19, 22.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University
Web URL	Last checked 02/13/2009 Requires: Adobe Acrobat.
Keywords	Soil modification; Rubber; Impact tests; Soil amendments; Compaction; Sports turf; Athletic fields
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Table
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Record: 92879
	Item 41 of 114
Authors	Nutter, Liz
Title	Topdressing sports fields
Section:	Green light on sports turf
Source	North Carolina Turfgrass. January/February 2004, p. 32-36.
# of pages:	5
Pub. Info	Southern Pines, NC: The Turfgrass Council of North Carolina, Inc.
Keywords	Sports turf maintenance; Topdressing; Athletic fields; Leveling; Athletic injuries; Safety; Thatch control; Topdressings; Sand; Sand topdressings; Rubber
Abstract	Discusses the benefits of topdressing on sports fields, where "an uneven playing field can quickly lead to a serious - even career-ending injury." Explains that the reasons to topdress include evening out of "lumps and low spots," reducing excessive thatch which can cause "a spongy, boggy-feeling field," and, "when used in conjunction with aerification," the remedying of soil compaction. Outlines which materials should be used when topdressing. Says that "to be effective, topdressings must be applied accurately and uniformly, necessitating the use of good equipment." Lists several brands of topdressers used by various turf managers around the country.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 93164
	Item 42 of 114
Authors	Willard, Christine
Affiliation	Associate Editor, Golf Inc.
Title	Where the rubber meets the greens: New greens construction process uses rubber to reduce environmental problems
Section:	Turf maintenance
Source	Golf Inc.. Vol. 13, No. 2, February 2004, p. 38.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	San Diego: Crittenden Magazines
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 92700
	Item 43 of 114
Corporate Author	Rubber Resources
Title	Rubber bounces back into play
Source	Stadia. Vol. 20, January 2003, p. .
Pub. Info	Brighton, United Kingdom: Broadcast Publishing Ltd.
Language	English
# of References	0
WANTED!	Help us please - we need a copy of this item. Click here or Email tgif@msu.edu if you can help! Thank you.
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Record: 91524
	Item 44 of 114
Authors	Andresen, Mike
Affiliation	Athletic Turf Manager, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
Title	Infield systems - the real scoop
Section:	Ground success
Source	Landscape Management. Vol. 42, No. 10, October 2003, p. 44-47.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	Cleveland, OH: Advanstar Communications, Inc.
Keywords	Sports turf; Artificial turf; Sports turf construction; Costs; Rubber; Marking; Surface hardness; Sports turf maintenance
Abstract	Discusses the performance and maintenance of "rubber-infill playing surfaces" which have become increasingly popular around the country in recent years. Describes the composition of infill fields, the costs of installation, the painting of the fields, and the amount of rebound they provide. Explains the required maintenance steps for these fields, which can include topdressing to replace the pieces of rubber which are lost during snow removal, washing the fields of old paint or "practice liquids," and brushing the surface of the field in order to prevent compaction, which could possibly become dangerous. States that "the new rubber infill systems require aggressive maintenance to maintain safety, yet those practices are likely detrimental to the longevity of the surface. This is the reverse of the natural turf field, which is certainly considered an investment in the longevity of the grass surface."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Includes sidebar, "Tests determine field hardness", p. 47
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 90095
	Item 45 of 114
Authors	Anonymous
Title	Crumb rubber from old tires used to resurface tennis court
Column name:	BioCycle world
Section:	Biocycle world
Source	BioCycle, The Journal of Composting & Recycling. Vol. 44, No. 7, July 2003, p. 10.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Emmaus, PA: The JG Press, Inc.
Keywords	Rubber; Recycling; Tennis courts
Language	English
# of References	0
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Record: 92479
	Item 46 of 114
Authors	Dowie, Alastair
Affiliation	Editor-in-Chief, Turf Craft International
Title	Rubber and fibre matrix provides the bounce
Section:	Greenkeeper's Planner: Racecourses
Source	Turf Craft International. Vol. 92, September/October 2003, p. 8-10.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	Port Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Agricultural Publishers Pty. Ltd.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 86440
	Item 47 of 114
Authors	Sorochan, John C.; Vanini, J. Tim
Affiliation	Sorochan: Assistant Professor, Turfgrass Science, University of Tennessee; Vanini: Graduate Assistant, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University
Title	Managing fields using crumb rubber & varietal selection
Section:	In & on the ground
Source	SportsTURF. Vol. 19, No. 5, May 2003, p. 14-16.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	Riverton, NJ: Adams Publishing Co.
Keywords	Rubber; Choice of cultivar; Athletic fields; Sports turf; Coring; Topdressing; Traffic; Choice of species; Wear resistance
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 81334
	Item 48 of 114
Authors	Anonymous
Title	Recycled tires on the field
Section:	Industry news
Source	BioCycle, The Journal of Composting & Recycling. Vol. 43, No. 7, July 2002, p. 71.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Emmaus, PA: The JG Press, Inc.
Keywords	Athletic fields; Rubber; Organic amendments; Inorganic amendments
Business names:	American Rubber Technologies, Inc.; Ford Motor Company
Abstract	Briefly reports that a high school in Florida is in the process of retreading a softball field with a blend of crumb rubber and organics known as the Rebound turf management system. Explains that "the project is a joint effort between American Rubber Technologies Inc. and Ford Motor Company with two local cities and the school district."
Language	English
# of References	0
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Record: 81890
	Item 49 of 114
Authors	Anonymous
Title	Research project discovers various effects of rubber crumb application
Source	The Groundsman. Vol. 56, No. 6, June 2002, p. 15-16.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	London, England: Institute of Groundsmanship.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
Note	Graphs
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Record: 77083
	Item 50 of 114
Authors	Lisi, R. D.; Park, J. K.; Stier, J. C.
Affiliation	University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin
Title	Crumb rubber sublayer reduces nutrient leaching in sand putting greens
Meeting Info.	Indianapolis, IN: November 10-14, 2002
Source	2002 Annual Meeting Abstracts [ASA/CSSA/SSSA]. 2002, p. na.
# of pages:	na
Pub. Info	[Madison, WI]: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America
Abstract	"United States Golf Association (USGA) putting green construction standards function to provide efficient water infiltration to allow play during wet periods while sustaining a desirable stand of turfgrass. Potential exists for turf chemicals to be leached through the profile and released into local water systems, especially during turf establishment. A series of laboratory column tests and a field study were performed to analyze the adsorptive properties of tire rubber for nitrogen and phosphorus when applied as a distinct subsurface drainage or intermediate layer in golf course greens. A 10 cm tire rubber drainage layer replacing traditional pea gravel reduced nitrate concentrations in water passing through a putting green profile by 56.8 percent. Water pH remained stable, turfgrass growth was not impeded, and water movement through the putting green profile was consistent with a USGA profile. The granulated tires were approximately 3x lighter than the equally sized pea gravel, making the rubber material easier to transport and install. Both properties are beneficial for green construction near environmentally sensitive water sources and on soft foundations."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!
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Record: 78239
	Item 51 of 114
Authors	Anonymous
Title	Portland, Oregon: Rubber/compost mix brings softness to soccer field
Column name:	Regional roundup
Source	BioCycle, The Journal of Composting & Recycling. Vol. 42, No. 11, November 2001, p. 18.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Emmaus, PA: The JG Press, Inc.
Keywords	Sports turf; Athletic fields; Soccer fields; Rubber; Soil amendments; Composts; Playability; Compaction; Root systems; Topdressing; Injurious factors
Facility names:	Lents Park, in Portland, Oregon
Abstract	Briefly describes the use of crumb rubber on a soccer field in Lents Park, Portland, OR. Explains that Rebound soil amendment, a mix of compost and crumb rubber, was tilled six to eight inches deep, and a quarter-inch of Crown III top dressing was spread on the field.
Language	English
# of References	0
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Record: 74781
	Item 52 of 114
Authors	Anonymous
Title	A comparative study of two full sized softball fields: Executive summary - REBOUND^TM (crumb rubber/compost)
Section:	Index
Source	The Turf Line News. Vol. 163, April/May 2001, p. 18, 20-21.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	Maple Ridge, British Columbia: Western Canada Turfgrass Association
Keywords	Baseball fields; Comparisons; Turfgrass establishment; Infiltration; Resiliency; Surface hardness; Root depth; Soil moisture; Composts; Rubber; Organic amendments; Sports turf
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Updated version appears in Turfgrass Management in the Pacific Northwest, Vol. 4, No.3, Summer 2001, page 30-34 April/May 2001, page 18, 20-21
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Record: 74526
	Item 53 of 114
Authors	Baker, Stephen; Hannaford, Jamie; Fox, Hannah
Affiliation	STRI
Title	The effect of rubber crumb on sports turf rootzones revealed
Section:	Research and development projects gather steam
Source	The Groundsman. Vol. 55, No. 7, July 2001, p. 13.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	London, England: Institute of Groundsmanship.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 79808
	Item 54 of 114
Authors	Baker, Stephen; Hannaford, Jamie; Fox, Hannah
Affiliation	Sports Turf Research Institute
Title	Research project discovers various effects of rubber crumb application
Section:	Rubber crumb
Source	The Groundsman. Vol. 55, No. 8, August 2001, p. 14, 17.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	London, England: Institute of Groundsmanship.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
Note	Graphs
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Record: 74204
	Item 55 of 114
Authors	Boniak, R.; Chong, S.-K.; Ok, C.-H.; Diesburg, K. L.
Affiliation	Plant, Soil, and General Agriculture Department, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL
Title	Rootzone mixes amended with crumb rubber - field study
Section:	Soil physics
Meeting Info.	Toronto, Ontario, Canada: July 2001
Source	International Turfgrass Society Research Journal. Vol. 9, No. Part 2, 2001, p. 487-492.
# of pages:	6
Pub. Info	Oakville, Ontario, Canada: International Turfgrass Society
Keywords	Root zone mixture; Rubber; Germination; Clipping weight; Quality; Root weight; Soil moisture; Surface hardness; Performance; Soil amendments
Abstract	"The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality and performance of turf established on rootzone mixes amended with crumb rubber in a fine-textured soil. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design at the Horticulture Research Center (HRC), Southern Illinois University Carbondale (SIUC). The soil was classified as a Hosmer silty clay loam (Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Fragiudalfs). Three different grades (average 3.5, 6.5 and 9.5 mm) of crumb rubber shredded from used tires were added to soil for the purpose of enhancing its tilth. The amounts of crumb rubber (treatment) amended in soil were 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 g g^-1. In addition, a zero amendment (as a control) and a zero amendment with 6.5 mm crumb rubber topdressing were included for comparison. The grass used in the test was a tall fescue and bluegrass (90:10) mix. Parameters measured included germination rate, grass clipping weight, turf quality index, root mass, soil moisture content and surface hardness. Poor germination rates were observed in mixes with 0.3 and 0.4 g g^-1 amendment rates of 3.5 mm crumb rubber. Overall, results indicated that soil mixed with 6.5 mm crumb rubber at 0.2 g g^-1 amendment rate had the highest clipping yields, but no statistical difference in turf quality was observed between the control and 0.2 g g^-1 of 6.5 mm treatments."
Language	English
# of References	11
Note	Tables
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Record: 74206
	Item 56 of 114
Authors	Chong, S.-K.; Ok, C.-H.; Boniak, R.; Diesburg, K. L.
Affiliation	Plant, Soil, and General Agriculture Department, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois
Title	Rootzone mixes amended with crumb rubber - laboratory study
Section:	Soil physics
Meeting Info.	Toronto, Ontario, Canada: July 2001
Source	International Turfgrass Society Research Journal. Vol. 9, No. Part 2, 2001, p. 493-497.
# of pages:	5
Pub. Info	Oakville, Ontario, Canada: International Turfgrass Society
Keywords	Root zone mixture; Rubber; Soil types; Porosity; Hydraulic conductivity; USGA recommendations; Soil amendments; Physical properties of soil; Particle size; Application rates
Abstract	"The purpose of the research was intended to enhance the tilth of fine-textured soil for turf growth by incorporation of crumb rubber shredded from used tires. The specific objectives were to determine the physical properties of soil mixes amended with different grade and amount of crumb rubber in soils. Two soils and three different grades (3.5, 6.5 and 9.5 mm) of crumb rubber were used in this study. The soils selected were an Arenzville silt loam (Coarse-silty, mixed, nonacid, mesic Typic Udifluvents) and a Hosmer silty clay loam (Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Fragiudalfs). The amount of crumb rubber mixed in soil ranged from 0 to 0.4 g g^-1 (using 0.05 g g^-1 increments and 0 as a control). For each treatment, soil cores were constructed following the recommendation by the United States Golf Association Green Section Record. Results indicated that porosity of the mixes decreased as the amount of crumb rubber increased. Regardless of the grade of crumb rubber, mixes with less than 0.15 g g^-1 of crumb rubber in fine-textured soil could not enhance their macro-porosity and hydraulic conductivity. However, as the amendment increased over 0.15 g g^-1, the tilth of the mixes had improved significantly compared with the zero treatment."
Language	English
# of References	22
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs
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Record: 78717
	Item 57 of 114
Authors	Lathrop, A. D.; McNitt, A. S.; Petrunak, D. M.
Affiliation	Pennsylvania State University
Title	Evaluation of the playing surface quality of an infilled synthetic turf system
Meeting Info.	Charlotte, NC: October 21-25, 2001
Source	2001 Annual Meeting Abstracts [ASA/CSSA/SSSA]. 2001, p. .
Pub. Info	[Madison, WI]: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America
Abstract	"This study evaluated a synthetic turf infill system SoftSportM to determine the effects of varying rates and gradations of sand and crumb rubber. The study evaluated various infill depths and varying thickness and types of shock absorbing pads installed under the infill. Both wet and dry surface evaluation included vertical soccer ball rebound, shoe traction, and surface hardness. Surface hardness was measured with both a Clegg impact hammer and the ASTM F-355 method. The vertical soccer ball rebound ratio was generally lower for treatments containing a shock absorbing pad. As the ratio of crumb rubber in the infill increased, the vertical rebound decreased. Surface hardness was influenced to a much greater degree by pad thickness compared to crumb rubber infill. The heavier missiles of the surface hardness testing devices were influenced to a greater degree by the shock absorbing pad installed below the infill, while the lighter soccer ball was affected to a greater degree by the surface layer. The 100% sand infill treatment measured lowest in traction when wet while the 50% coarse sand/50% coarse crumb rubber treatment measured highest in traction when dry. The results of this study should inform consumer's decisions about the presence and type of pad and the ratio, grade, and thickness of the sand/rubber infill material."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!
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Record: 77234
	Item 58 of 114
Authors	Miller, Grady L.
Affiliation	Associate Professor, Turfgrass Science, Environmental Horticulture Department, UF/IFAS, Gainesville
Title	Envirotron update: Topdressing materials tested for cart wear
Section:	Education roundup
Source	Florida Turf Digest. Vol. 18, No. 6, November/December 2001, p. 21-22.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Winter Haven, FL: Harvest Publishing Corp. for the Florida Turfgrass Association
Keywords	Topdressing; Wear resistance; Golf carts; Rubber; Porous ceramics; Sand; Surface hardness; Pros & cons; Spring green-up; Mole crickets
Abstract	Evaluates the hypothesis that "topdressing materials increase wear tolerance of turf and speed recovery following intensive use which results in poor quality turf." Reports that "results to date have indicated that the crumb rubber warmed the ground temperature and promoted a more rapid greening in the spring" and that "the highest rate of crumb rubber had the best turf quality the first 60 days in 2000." Mentions that "on the negative side, the plots receiving the highest rate of crumb rubber, followed by the highest rate of porous ceramic, had significantly lower turf quality compared to other treatments." Suggests that "there is still a lot [to] be learned about these products, and we will continue to analyze our data and investigate trends."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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See also	Other items relating to: Golf cart damage

Record: 73997
	Item 59 of 114
Authors	Sorochan, J. C.; Rogers, J. N. III
Affiliation	Sorochan: Ph.D. Candidate and Research Technician, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Rogers: Professor, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
Title	The effect of mulch type for turfgrass establishment within a refined wood fiber mat over plastic
Section:	Research reports
Source	Journal of Environmental Horticulture. Vol. 19, No. 2, June 2001, p. 61-64.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	Washington, DC: Horticultural Research Institute
Keywords	Mulches; Seed mats; Turfgrass establishment; Plastic mulches; Wood fiber mulch; Lolium perenne; Poa supina; Percent living ground cover; Density; Cool season turfgrasses; Polymers; Straw; Straw mulches; Rubber; Seed germination; Composts
Abstract	"The germination and establishment of perennial ryegrass and supina bluegrass within a refined wood fiber mat (Ecomat®) placed on plastic sheeting was evaluated using seven mulches and a control with no mulch. Percent turfgrass cover (0-100%) was visually estimated as a measure of seedling density at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after seeding. Three field experiments were initiated on July 3, 1995, September 29, 1995, and July 5, 1996. The three seeding dates were chosen to show the effects of mulches under optimal and suboptimal growing conditions for cool season turfgrasses. The seven mulches consisted of hydrated fiber mulch, copolymer of sodium acrylamide, crumb rubber, straw, fine grade compost, pelletized fiber mulch, and native Capac loam soil. Percent turfgrass cover differed among species for the seven mulch treatments and the control, and the three seeding dates. Overall, perennial ryegrass achieved 25% greater cover than supina bluegrass. The straw, pelletized fiber mulch, and hydrated fiber mulch resulted in the greatest turfgrass cover regardless of seeding date. Crumb rubber performed equal to these mulches only during the 29 September 1995 seeding trial. In summary, the use of a particular mulching material will enhance turfgrass cover during seed germination."
Language	English
# of References	13
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs
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Record: 77388
	Item 60 of 114
Mon. Author	McNitt, Andrew Scott
Affiliation	Pennsylvania State University
What it is:	Dissertation
Monograph	The Effects of Soil Inclusions on Soil Physical Properties and Athletic Field Playing Surface Quality, 2000.
Pub. Info	Ph.D. Dissertation: Pennsylvania State University
Keywords	Soil inclusions; Physical properties of soil; Athletic fields; Surfaces; Quality evaluation; Sports turf; Root zone mixture; Shredded carpet; Rubber; Soil amendments; Bulk density; Surface hardness
Abstract	The objective of this research was to determine if the addition of synthetic filaments (soil inclusions) influence turfgrass wear and divot resistance, soil physical properties, and/or playing surface quality when mixed with root-zones of sand or a silt loam. Six soil inclusions were mixed with a sand root-zone at various rates. Three of the inclusions were manufactured specifically for use as a soil inclusion (Netlon™, Sportgrass™, and Turfgrids™). Three soil inclusions were from recycled material (Dupont™ Shredded Carpet, Nike™ Lights, and Nike Heavies). In a separate study, three soil inclusions (Dupont Shredded Carpet, Turfgrids, and Sportgrass) were mixed with a silt-loam root-zone at various rates. In both studies three levels of wear intensity were imposed on the turfgrass surface and soil physical properties and playing surface quality were evaluated over two growing seasons. In the sand root-zone, the manufactured inclusions tended to produce higher soil bulk density and surface hardness than the recycled inclusions. Among the three manufactured inclusions, Sportgrass and Turfgrids ranked higher in divot resistance than Netlon. High rates (0.5% by weight) of both Turfgrids and Netlon reducing divot size to a greater degree than the lower rates (0.3%). In the sand root-zones, the recycled inclusions produced lower soil bulk density and resulted in lower surface hardness values than the manufactured inclusions and were more likely to result in higher turfgrass density than the control. The DuPont Shredded Carpet 3% treatment was one of the best treatments at reducing divot size, with only Sportgrass resulting in smaller divots. In the sand root-zone, the recycled inclusions reduced soil bulk density and surface hardness, and increased turfgrass density. The effect of treatments on turfgrass density and soil bulk density was not always the same on both root-zones. The Sportgrass inclusion tended to produce the highest turfgrass density in the silt-loam soil and the lowest turfgrass density in the sand root-zone. The increase in soil bulk density due to wear was not as dramatic in the silt-loam soil compared to the sand.
Language	English
# of References	Unknown
Note	Advisor: Peter J. Landschoot
Note	Date: 5/2000
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Record: 67522
	Item 61 of 114
Authors	Anonymous
Title	Top dressing sands need careful selection
Section:	Polo
Source	The Groundsman. Vol. 54, No. 7, July 2000, p. 11.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	London, England: Institute of Groundsmanship.
Keywords	Sports turf; Polo grounds; Decision-making; Topdressings; Sand; Sand topdressings; Rubber
Abstract	Discusses the importance of top dressing selection and profiles sand mix and crumb rubber for use as top dressings.
Language	English
# of References	0
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Record: 73575
	Item 62 of 114
Authors	Anonymous
Title	Putting bounce into the grass at National Trust gardens
Section:	Gardens
Source	The Groundsman. Vol. 54, No. 11, November 2000, p. 16-17.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	London, England: Institute of Groundsmanship.
Keywords	Rubber; Topdressing; Wear resistance; Case studies
Facility names:	Trelissick Garden, in Cornwall, United Kingdom; Killerton House, in Devon, United Kingdom
Abstract	Describes the use of rubber crumb on the grass lawns which are subjected to heavy wear, such as Trelissick in Cornwall and Killerton in Devon. States that "for several years both properties have used a top dressing of rubber crumb produced from scrap types to assist them in resisting grass wear." Reports an improvement in turf resilience and grass color after the application of rubber crumb. Applies this method to grassed parking lots. A variety of particle sizes were tested and 1-3mm was found to be the most effective.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 80422
	Item 63 of 114
Authors	Boniak, Richard; Chong, She-Kong
Title	Turf quality and performance on rooting mixes amended with crumb rubber
Section:	Turf
Source	SUI Horticulture Field Day 2000: ISHS Summer Orchard Dayand Turf Field Day [Southern Illinois University]. Vol. 20, 2000, p. 43-44.
Pub. Info	Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables
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Record: 67205
	Item 64 of 114
Authors	Eldridge, Elisabeth Deom; Henderson, Deborah
Affiliation	E.S. Cropconsult Ltd.
Title	Improvement of wear problems on sand-based fields and quantitative assessment of field quality
Source	WCTA Research Report: 1999 Projects [Western Canada]. August 2000, p. 23-41.
# of pages:	19
Pub. Info	Maple Ridge, British Columbia: Western Canada Turfgrass Association
Keywords	Topdressings; Sports turf; Athletic fields; Rubber; Topdressing; Wear; Sand-based athletic fields; Quality; Compaction; Wear resistance; Pumice; Calcined diatomaceous earth; Nutrients; Soil moisture; Bulk density; Porosity; Thatch; Surface hardness; Traffic; Perceptions; Questionnaire surveys; Percent living ground cover; Comparisons
Abstract	Discusses a study with three objectives: "1. Compare the efficiency of 3 soil amendments in alleviating soil compaction and improving turfgrass wear tolerance on athletic sand fields. 2. Evaluate the effect of crumb rubber topdressings on turf wear and soil condition. 3. Assess playing quality across a playing field on the basis of surface characteristics, and player evaluation." Results of the study indicate that "areas treated with crumb rubber showed significantly lower surface hardness readings." Also reports that "players' assessment for overall quality of the field...has been shown to be influenced by the amount of ground cover present."
Language	English
# of References	6
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs
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Record: 71278
	Item 65 of 114
Authors	Ries, S. B.; Cockerham, S. T.; Riechers, G. H.; Gibeault, V. A.
Affiliation	University of California-Riverside
Title	Cultural impact on sports injury to turfgrass
Section:	Turfgrass science
Meeting Info.	Minneapolis, MN: November 5-9, 2000
Source	2000 Annual Meeting Abstracts [ASA/CSSA/SSSA]. 2000, p. 167-168.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	[Madison, WI]: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America
Keywords	Sports turf; Injuries; Recovery; Zoysia; Divots; Nitrogen fertilization; Topdressing; Mowing height; Overseeding; Cultural methods; Overseeding
Abstract	"Turfgrasses used as sports surfaces are prone to damage not normally experienced in other sites. Cultural practices may worsen or mitigate damage. Objectives of this research were to determine the effects of cultural practices on the initial injury and recovery from injury of zoysiagrass caused by baseballs divoting the surface. A turf injury rating system measured initial injury symptoms and subsequent recovery under N fertilization, topdressing, mowing height and overseeding. It was found that 1) higher N rates results in decreased injury symptoms, 2) lower mowing height increases recovery time, 3) overseeding does not lower initial scuff injury nor improve recovery from injury, but tall fescue- overseeded zoysiagrass surface resulted in lower injury ratings than perennial ryegrass or kentucky [Kentucky] bluegrass, and 4) topdressing with sand results in lower injury than topdressing with crumb rubber or organic material."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!
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Record: 77366
	Item 66 of 114
Mon. Author	Hardy, John Andrew
Affiliation	Michigan State University
What it is:	Thesis
Monograph	Factors affecting Creeping Bentgrass Quality of Three Different Putting Green Construction Methods, 1999.
# of pages:	86
Pub. Info	M.S. Thesis: Michigan State University
Collation	xiv, 72 pp.
Keywords	Agrostis palustris; Quality evaluation; Golf greens; Golf green construction; USGA recommendations; Subsurface drainage; Rolling; Golf green speed; Flurprimidol; Color; Dollar spot; Lanzia, Moellerodiscus; Rubber; Topdressing; Soil amendments; Collar; Soil depth
Abstract	"Two studies were initiated in 1996 to evaluate the long-term response of three different putting green root zones (circa 1993) to various management inputs. The three root zones were an 80:20 (sand:peat v/v) mixture built to United States Golf Association (USGA) recommendations, an 80:10:10 (sand:soil:peat v/v/v) mixture built with subsurface drainage tile, and an unammended [unamended] sandy clay loam textured (58% sand, 20.5% silt, 21.5% clay) 'push-up" style green. A rolling factor was included as a split plot across the three construction methods/soil types. The two studies were conducted on these plots as split plots across the rolling factor. The first study examined the effects of plant growth regulators (PGR's) (trinexapac-ethyl and flurprimidol) on putting green speed and creeping bentgrass quality. PGR's did show differences in ball roll distance between 6 and 14 days after application. Rolling three times per week consistently increased ball roll distance. The application of flurprimidol adversely affected turfgrass color. Dollar spot (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa) incidence was reduced when rolling was applied. The second study investigated use of crumb rubber as a topdressing amendment into putting green collars. The greatest depth of crumb rubber (9.5mm) produced both the highest color and quality ratings. Poa annua percentages were lowest in 9.5mm topdressing depth."
Language	English
# of References	30
Note	Advisor: J. N. Rogers III
Note	Includes appendix, p. 69
Note	Pictures, b/w
Note	Tables
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Record: 71505
	Item 67 of 114
Mon. Author	Sorochan, John Charles
Affiliation	Graduate Student, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
Title	The Effects of Turves Within a Refined Wood Fiber Mat (Ecomat) Over Plastic
What it is:	Thesis
Mono Source	The Effects of Turves Within a Refined Wood Fiber Mat (Ecomat) Over Plastic, 1999, p. i-54.
# of pages:	65
Pub. Info	M. S. Thesis: Michigan State University
Collation	xi, 549 p.
Keywords	Turf reinforcing systems; Festuca arundinacea; Lolium perenne; Poa pratensis; Athletic fields; Seeding rate; Poa supina; Sod; Establishment; Sod establishment; Mulching; Growing media; Seeding; Fertilization; Comparisons; Mulches; Sod production; Sports turf; Fertilization rates; Nitrogen fertilization; Nitrogen fertilizers; Nitrogen; Density; Plastics; Performance; Establishment rate; Traffic; Color; Rubber; Clipping weight; Surface hardness; Shear resistance; Potassium; Phosphorus; Urea
Abstract	"Establishing sod within a refined wood fiber mat (Ecomat®) over plastic was investigated at the Hancock Turfgrass Research Center, East Lansing, MI. in 1995 and 1996. Three major areas of investigation included mulching, growth media comparison, and seeding and fertilizer applications. In addition, the establishment of four different turfgrass species was investigated. These turf species included Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), Supina bluegrass (P. supina Schreb.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). The objectives of the research was: 1) To determine the effect of different mulch types for aiding turfgrass establishment within Ecomat®. 2) To compare different growth media for sod production on plastic, as well as their effectiveness as an established turf for athletic field use. 3) To determine optimum seeding and fertilizer rates for turfgrass established within Ecomat® over plastic. In the first experiment, mulching the straw, PennMulchM, and hydromulch, respectively increased turf cover (significantly) versus the other four mulches (fine grade compost, crumb rubber, native soil, and Germinator®) and the control (no mulch). In addition, perennial ryegrass established a greater turf cover than Supina bluegrass. In the second experiment, SportgrassM had significantly greater turfgrass cover then [than] the Ecomat®, pine wood mulch and sand growth media. In the third experiment, increasing the seeding rate for four-turf species studied significantly increased turf cover. The use of an organic source of nitrogen (Milorgranite®) established denser Kentucky bluegrass turf than ammonium nitrate. Additionally, as the rate of nitrogen increased (g N m-˛) so did turf density. In conclusion, establishing sod within Ecomat® over plastic is plausible. However, the high maintenance demanded deems large-scale sod production utilizing the Ecomat® potentially cost ineffective. This is apparent as a result of the watering problems encountered in Chapters 2 and 3. Includes: Chapter 1: The effect of mulch type on turfgrass establishment on plastic; Chapter 2: The effect of different growth media for turfgrass establishment and performance; and Chapter 3: The effect of seeding rate and fertilizer source and rate on turfgrass establishment on plastic
Language	English
# of References	32
Note	"August 10, 1999"
Note	Figures
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Record: 58385
	Item 68 of 114
Authors	Anonymous
Title	Alan Ferguson finds rubber solution
Section:	News
Source	The Groundsman. Vol. 52, No. 2, February 1999, p. 5.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	London, England: Institute of Groundsmanship.
Keywords	Rubber; Soccer fields; Case studies; Product profile
Abstract	Describes the use of crumb rubber to improve the soccer field surface at Portman Road. Groundsman Alan Ferguson used the "Crown III" crumb rubber soil amendment after hearing that it had been used successfully on other fields. The process of integrating the crumb rubber into the field is described.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 61927
	Item 69 of 114
Authors	Anonymous
Title	Recycled tires to help protect turf at Pittsburgh's Point State Park
Source	The Keynoter. Vol. 27, No. 1, February 1999, p. 11.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Lemont, PA: The Pennsylvania Turfgrass Council, Inc.
Keywords	Rubber; Recycling
Facility names:	Point State Park, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Abstract	Describes the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy's plan to use "discarded tires (in the form of crumb rubber) to protect the turf in Point State Park in Pittsburgh."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Reprinted from Environmental Update, Vol. 5, No. 5, p. 15 (PA DEP)
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Record: 62886
	Item 70 of 114
Authors	Boniak, R.; Chong, S.-K.; Ok, C.-H.; Diesburg, K. L.
Affiliation	Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL
Title	Physical properties and turf quality on soils amended with crumb rubber
Section:	Turfgrass science
Meeting Info.	Salt Lake City, UT: October 31 - November 4, 1999
Source	1999 Annual Meeting Abstracts [ASA/CSSA/SSSA]. Vol. 91, 1999, p. 125.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	[Madison, WI]: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America
Keywords	Physical properties of soil; Rubber; Soil amendments; Application rates; Soil types; Soil types (textural); Sandy loam soils; Clay loam soils; Comparisons; Particle size; Germination; Festuca arundinacea; Clipping weight; Quality
Abstract	"Leaving tires in open areas can create health, aesthetic and environmental problems. Reports indicated that crumb rubber made from tires can enhance physical properties of rooting mixture for turf growth. The objectives of this study were to determine the optimal grade and amount of crumb rubber for use as an amendment in coarse- and fine-textured soils. Two soils (a sandy loam and a clay loam) and three different grades (3.5, 6.5 and 9.5 mm dia.) of crumb rubber were used in the test. Laboratory results indicated that, regardless of the grade, mixtures with less than 15% of crumb rubber in both soils could not enhance macro-porosity and hydraulic conductivity. Field experiments showed poor germination of tall fescue in mixtures with 30 and 40% amendment rates of 3.5 mm crumb rubber. Preliminary results revealed that mixtures with 6.5 mm crumb rubber at 20 and 30% amendment rates had the highest clipping yields and best grass quality."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!
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Record: 49436
	Item 71 of 114
Authors	Anonymous
Title	Turf that bounces back: Southern Ill. University tries shredded rubber on track & field
Section:	Hash marks
Source	Athletic Turf: Maintenance & Technology. March 1998, p. 7-8.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Cleveland, OH: Advanstar Communications
Keywords	Rubber; Athletic fields; Wear resistance; Soil mixtures; Particle size; Application rates
Abstract	Describes the planned use of crumb rubber as a component of the soil at the new Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville track and field facility. Research suggests that the crumb rubber will reduce wear and tear on the field and loosen the soil, improving soil quality.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 50065
	Item 72 of 114
Authors	Anonymous
Title	Crumb rubber as a soil amendment
Column name:	Research review
Source	Athletic Turf: Maintenance & Technology. March 1998, p. 53.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Cleveland, OH: Advanstar Communications
Keywords	Rubber; Soil mixtures; Application rates; Soil depth; Compaction; Porosity
Abstract	Discusses the use of crumb rubber as a soil amendment on athletic fields. Crumb rubber incorporated into the soil rootzone can improve air and water porosity and reduce soil compaction. Crumb rubber may also improve turfgrass quality and wear tolerance.
Language	English
# of References	0
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Record: 56518
	Item 73 of 114
Authors	Anonymous
Title	Lions' practice field offers more bounce
Source	Athletic Turf: Maintenance & Technology. October 1998, p. 10.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Cleveland, OH: Advanstar Communications
Keywords	Football fields; Renovation; Rubber; Case studies
Abstract	Describes the renovation of the Detroit Lions' football practice field located near the Silverdome in Michigan. DuraTurf Services Corp. used Rebound® crumb rubber soil amendment in the top three inches of the rootzone.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 56400
	Item 74 of 114
Authors	Anonymous
Title	November logbook: Groundwork for all those awards
Column name:	Logbook
Source	TURF Management. November 1998, p. 7-8.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Teddington, Middlesex, [England]: Haymarket Trade and Leisure Publications
Keywords	Awards; Maintenance; Winter; Soccer fields; Protective covers; Soil stabilization; Golf courses; Aeration; Product profile; Nurseries; Cricket pitches; Levelling; Renovation; Bowling greens; Aeration; Brushing; Thatch control
Abstract	Describes the innovations of several UK turfgrass professionals that could become award-winning ideas. Steve Drew, head groundsman at Bristol City, has developed new frost sheeting fasteners and is using crumb rubber to augment the football field turf. John Coleman, manager of the Abbeydale Golf Club in Sheffield, has developed a 5mm needle tine that allows oxygen penetration without compaction displacement around the hole. Len Smith, head groundsman at the Glamorgan County Cricket Club, is working on a program to help a new practice area settle evenly. Also mentions Jim Ludlow, the regional co-ordinator of the EBA greens maintenance program, who is eliminating the need for fusarium control and other disease treatments by reducing thatch during the winter.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 56719
	Item 75 of 114
Authors	Bransbury, Lindsay
Affiliation	Associate Editor of The Groundsman
Title	Nothing goes to waste
Column name:	Aspect
Source	The Groundsman. Vol. 51, No. 11, November 1998, p. 39.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	London, England: Institute of Groundsmanship.
Keywords	Recycling; Conservation; Standards; Legislation; Landfills; Waste disposal; Futures; Sports turf industry; United Kingdom
Abstract	Reviews UK efforts to recycle and dispose waste properly. Stresses that more legislation concerning waste disposal is on the way, and that anyone using landfill services should begin seeking improved ways of disposing waste, such as turning old tires into crumb rubber. Also discusses tax increases used to help reduce inert waste.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 58413
	Item 76 of 114
Authors	Chong, S.-K.; Ok, C.-H.; Diesburg, K. L.; Indorante, S. J.
Affiliation	Southern Illinois University
Title	Changes in porosity of rooting mixtures caused by particle density of the amendment.
Meeting Info.	Baltimore, MD: October 18-22, 1998
Source	1998 Annual Meeting Abstracts. 1998, p. 145.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	[Madison, WI]: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America
Keywords	Porosity; Soil mixtures; Bulk density; Root zone; Particle size; Mathematical equations; Soil amendments; Rubber; Peat; Animal manures; Earthworm castings; Comparisons
Abstract	"Conventionally, soil porosity, P, is calculated by P = 1 - (BD/PD), where BD is the bulk density and PD is particle density, in which the particle density is assumed to be 2.65 g/cmł. For many amended rooting mixtures, the above assumption mau be inappropriate because of the difference in density between soil mineral and the amendment. In this study, a new equation has been developed to deal with this problem. The equation in given as: P=1 - {(BD/PDs)[1 - (S ki [for i = 1 to n]] + S (ki/PDi) [for i = 1 to n])} where s is soil mineral; k is the fraction of i organic material in the mixture; i = 1, 2, 3, ... n; and n is the number of amendments. The equation was tested on mixtures of two soils amended with 20, 30 and 40% (by weight) crumb rubber, and also sand mixtures amended with peat moss, earthworm castings and treated steer manure. The results reveal that the conventional equation, when applied to soil mixtures, is in contradiction to theory. It is recommended that porosity of all the mixtures should be calculated using the above equation."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!
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Record: 62842
	Item 77 of 114
Authors	Eldridge, Elisabeth Deom; Henderson, Deborah
Affiliation	E. S. Cropconsult Ltd.
Title	Improvement of wear and compaction (traffic) problems on sand-based fields
Source	Research Report: 1997 Projects [WCTA]. August 1998, p. 3-7.
# of pages:	5
Pub. Info	Maple Ridge, British Columbia: Western Canada Turfgrass Association
Keywords	Sand-based athletic fields; Wear resistance; Compaction; Soil amendments; Rubber; Pumice; Diatomaceous earth; Topdressing; Sports turf; Soccer fields; Bulk density; Quality; Density; Percent living ground cover; Thatch; Spring green-up; Surface hardness; Wear; Soil moisture
Abstract	Summarizes a study designed to "compare the efficiency of new soil amendments in alleviating soil compaction and improving turfgrass wear tolerance on athletic sand fields, and evaluate amendment treatments for compaction levels and playing quality across a playing field on the basis of surface characteristics...The trial was set up on a sand-based field at the Burnaby Lake Sports complex in Burnaby." Treatments of crumb rubber, pumice, and axis (heated diatomaceous earth) were applied to different parts of the field. Each treatment was "applied to both goal mouths and to part of the centre field, providing 3 replicates per treatment...Bulk density was unaffected by the treatments. However, moisture content and porosity decreased during the period of the trial." Turf quality decreased throughout the season except in those areas treated with crumb rubber; this was true regardless of whether the area was high-traffic or low-traffic. Turf density was higher in the rubber-treated areas, also. Thatch thickness decreased in the areas treated with crumb rubber; these areas also had a more rapid spring green-up and lower surface hardness. "Pumice and Axis...maintained a slightly lower surface soil moisture content than crumb rubber or the control." Suggests that crumb rubber may have many benefits when used as a topdressing during the season.
Language	English
# of References	4
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Record: 45770
	Item 78 of 114
Authors	Farrell, Molly
Affiliation	Contributing Editor, Biocycle, The Journal of Composting & Recycling
Title	The processing advances: Adding value to crumb rubber
Section:	Tire recycling update
Source	BioCycle, The Journal of Composting & Recycling. Vol. 39, No. 3, March 1998, p. 48-49.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Emmaus, PA: The JG Press, Inc.
Keywords	Soil amendments; Rubber; Business profile; Recycling
Business names:	American Tire Recyclers, Inc.
Abstract	Discusses the use of recycled crumb rubber by American Tire Recyclers, Inc., which is used on its own and also mixed with composted yard trimmings. Their products, RubberStuffM, Rebound®, and Revived Rubber are used on playgrounds, athletic fields, and golf courses. Describes the production process as well as the ways in which ATR's rubber is used.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 71716
	Item 79 of 114
Authors	Grünthal, Paul E.
Title	Tired Soil: Using inorganic soil amendments to perk up your root zone
Section:	Features
Source	Landscape Trades. Vol. 20, No. 3, April 1998, p. 6, 8, 10-12.
# of pages:	5
Pub. Info	Mississauga, Ont.: Horticultural Pub. Division of Landscape, Ontario, Landscape Trades Associates
Keywords	Soil amendments; Compaction; Soil structure; Porosity; Root zone; Decision-making; Problem-solving; Sand; Perlite; Calcined clay; Diatomaceous earth; Vermiculite; Clinoptilolite; Shale; Pumice; Slags; Rubber; Polystyrenes; Comparisons
Abstract	Discusses how compaction, lack of structure, and inadequate porosity in root zones can reduce soil productivity. States that "soil amendments are proving to be invaluable tools for enhancing some of the most common soil problems." Also discusses how to choose the correct amendment based on stability, consistency, suitability, and visibility. Profiles various soil amendments, including sand, processed mica, perlite, calcined clay, diatomite, zeolite, expanded shales, pumice, slag, crub rubber, and polystyrene.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Reprint appears in Sports Turf Manager, 12(2) June 1999, p. 8-11
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs
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Record: 56521
	Item 80 of 114
Authors	Rogers, John H.
Affiliation	Department of Crop and Soil Sciences at Michigan State University
Title	Athletic turf's bright future: Increased emphasis on sports turf research is encouraging, but there are still plenty of challenges
Column name:	Maintenance
Source	Athletic Turf: Maintenance & Technology. October 1998, p. 12-15.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	Cleveland, OH: Advanstar Communications
Keywords	Sports turf; Research priorities; Futures; Golf courses; Comparisons; Cool season turfgrasses; Cultivar improvement; Poa supina; Turfgrass profile; Drainage; Sandy soils; Construction; Root zone mixture; Rubber; Topdressing
Abstract	Discusses the challenges involved with sports turf research. Describes research designed to create a cool-season, stoloniferous turfgrass that can be mowed between 1 and 2.5 inches for sports turf. Discusses the potential of a stoloniferous supina bluegrass (Poa supina), which is being researched at Michigan State University. Also discusses challenges associated with surface drainage, sand surfaces, and topdressing.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 43091
	Item 81 of 114
Authors	Rogers, John N. III; Vanini, J. Timothy; Crum, James R.
Affiliation	Rogers & Crum: Dep. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824. Vanini: P. O. Box 2000, Cortland State University, Cortland, NY 13045.
Title	Simulated traffic on turfgrass topdressed with crumb rubber
Section:	Crops
Source	Agronomy Journal. Vol. 90, No. 2, March/April 1998, p. 215-221.
# of pages:	7
Pub. Info	Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy
Keywords	Topdressing; Rubber; Soil amendments; Trafficability; Surface hardness; Shear resistance; Application rates; Wear resistance; Percent living ground cover; Poa pratensis; Lolium perenne
Abstract	"Topdressing plays a vital role in turfgrass subjected to traffic. Sand is commonly used for topdressing; under suboptimal growing conditions, however, methods to maintain wear tolerance are limited. There has been recent interest in using crumb rubber from recycled tires as an amendment for turfgrass areas. A topdressing study was initiated in July 1993 to determine the efect of crumb rubber on turfgrass systems subjected to traffic. A factorial randomized complete block design with three replications was implemented with two crumb rubber particle sizes (large, 6.0-2.0 mm; small, 2.0-0.05 mm) and five topdressing rates (0.0, 17.1, 34.2, 44.1, and 88.2 t ha-ą) on a 1-yr-old Kentucky bluegrass-perennial ryegrass (Poa pratensis L.-Lolium perenne L.) stand. In 1993 and 1994, 96 passes were made with a Brinkman traffic simulator. Surface hardness characteristics measured were peak deceleration, time to peak deceleration, and impact duration. The small crumb rubber size was more effective in increasing impact time periods than the large crumb rubber, but had no effect on peak deceleration values. Shear resistance values decreased by as much as 40% as crumb rubber volumes increased in 1993, but were increased by 20% in 1994 after rubber particles had settled to the soil surface. There was generally an increase in turf cover under traffic as crumb rubber rates increased above 24.1 t ha-ą, and the small crumb rubber can alter sufrace characteristics and increase wear tolerance of turfgrass exposed to traffic."
Language	English
# of References	24
Note	Pictures, b/w
Note	Tables
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Record: 52599
	Item 82 of 114
Authors	Rogers, John N. III
Affiliation	Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University
Title	[Poa supina and putting green research at Michigan State University]
Section:	1997 research update/executive summary
Source	Newsnotes (Michigan Turfgrass Foundation). Summer 1998, p. 15.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Saginaw, MI: Michigan Turfgrass Foundation
Keywords	Poa supina; Sports turf; Turfgrass profile; Golf green construction; Plant growth regulators; Sand topdressings; Rubber; Wear resistance; Poa annua; Weed infestation; Rolling; Michigan
Abstract	Describes two turfgrass research programs currently underway at Michigan State University. One program is investigating the use of supina bluegrass as a turfgrass in Michigan. The second program is investigating the effects of certain management practices, including the use of growth regulators and crumb rubber topdressing, on three putting green construction types. Plans for future research are discussed.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Illustration
Note	Pictures, b/w
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Record: 57032
	Item 83 of 114
Authors	Rogers, John N. III; Vanini, J. Timothy; Crum, James R.
Title	Simulated traffic on turfgrass topdressed with crumb rubber
Section:	Athletic field maintenance
Source	TurfGrass TRENDS. Vol. 7, No. 7, July 1998, p. 11-14.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	Cleveland, OH: Advanstar Communications
Keywords	Traffic; Rubber; Topdressing; Particle size; Application rates; Sports turf; Poa pratensis; Lolium perenne; Performance
Language	English
# of References	15
Note	Tables
Note	"Portions reprinted from Agronomy Journal, March-April 1998, Vol. 90 No. 2 pgs 215-221."
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Record: 58406
	Item 84 of 114
Authors	Salmond, J. J.; Minner, D. D.
Affiliation	Iowa State University
Title	Rubber tire particles as a turfgrass topdressing amendment for intense traffic areas.
Meeting Info.	Baltimore, MD: October 18-22, 1998
Source	1998 Annual Meeting Abstracts. 1998, p. 144.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	[Madison, WI]: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America
Keywords	Rubber; Topdressings; Traffic; Trafficability; Poa pratensis; Quality; Density; Color; Percent living ground cover; Surface hardness
Cultivar names:	Midnight
Abstract	"Our objective was to evaluate rubber particles as a topdressing material to reduce turf injury from traffic. A crumb and a buffing rubber applied at two rates were compared to a sand control and a non-treated control. The effects of rubber particles on quality, density, color, turf cover, percent topdressing showing and surface hardness were evaluated on a mature stand of Kentucky bluegrass [Poa pratensis (L.) 'Midnight'] in Ames, IA, on a Nicolett silt loam soil. A modified Brouwer traffic simulator supplied differential-slip traffic to the plots. Traffic was applied in the spring and fall to coincide with sports played during those seasons. Each traffic period was followed by a no traffic, recovery period. A Brüel and Kjćr 2515 Vibration Analyzer measured surface hardness. All topdressed treatments increased traffic tolerance and reduced surface hardness compared to an untreated control. Applying 2 cm of medium buffing rubber increased turf quality, density, and cover more than 30% and reduced the amount of topdressing material left on the surface by 40%. The 2 cm depth of rubber increased traffic tolerance compared to the 1 cm depth. Medium buffing rubber at 2 cm showed a 7.5% increase in traction compared to sand and the non-treated control. Crumb rubber at a 1 cm depth was not effective as a topdressing material."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!
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Record: 53741
	Item 85 of 114
Authors	Shiels, George; Bracey, Dave
Affiliation	McMillan-Shiels Associates; Head bowling greenkeeper and groundsman, Metropolitan Police Sports Club, and Consultant
Title	Turf answers
Section:	Readers'queries
What it is:	Q & A
Source	TURF Management. June 1998, p. 24-25.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Teddington, Middlesex, [England]: Haymarket Trade and Leisure Publications
Keywords	Golf tees; Wear resistance; Rubber; Bowling greens; Color; Festuca arundinacea; Agrostis tenuis; Poa annua; Red thread; Gaeumannomyces; Age; Fertilizers; Application methods; Golf greens; Fusarium
Abstract	Contains information requested by the readers in a series of questions and responses.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Picture, color
Note	Includes sidebar, "Meet the turf answers team of experts," p.25
Note	Includes sidebar, [BIGGA president and TGA boss], p.25
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Record: 60479
	Item 86 of 114
Authors	Hall, Ron
Affiliation	Managing Editor, Landscape Management
Title	Rubber to the rescue
Source	Landscape Management. Vol. 36, No. 1, January 1997, p. 8G-9G.
Pub. Info	Duluth, MN: Advanstar Communications, Inc.
Keywords	Rubber; Topdressings; Traffic; Trafficability; Business profile; Mulches
Business names:	JaiTire Industries, in Denver, Colorado
Abstract	Discusses the benefits of using crumb rubber as a topdressing to prevent compaction and protect turfgrass. Includes testimony from Mark Hoban, a superintendent who used crumb rubber and found that it prevented winter kill of his bermudagrass. Notes that the product is usually used on higher cut areas of turf. Emphasizes the importance of obtaining the correct kind of crumb rubber.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Includes sidebar, "Mulch from shredded tires?"; p. 9G
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Record: 41090
	Item 87 of 114
Authors	Rogers, J. N.; Stier, J. C.; Crum, J. R.; Krick, T. M.; Vanini, J. T.
Affiliation	Associate professor, research associate, associate professor, graduate teaching assistant and graduate research assistant, respectively, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1325
Title	The sports turf management research program at Michigan State University
What it is:	Book chapter
Volume Editors	Hoerner, Earl F.
Meeting Info.	Presented at the Symposium on Safety in American Football, held in Phoenix, Arizona on 5-7 Dec. 1994
Mono Source	Safety in American Football, 1997, p. 132-144.
# of pages:	13
Pub. Info	Conshoshocken, PA: ASTM
Series	ASTM Special Technical Publication STP 1305
Keywords	Michigan State University; Light; Sports turf; Indoor turf; Rubber; Root zone mixture; Wear resistance
Abstract	"The turfgrass program at Michigan State University has recently dedicated and focused its research in sports turf management. There are three major areas of research: (1) the indoor turfgrass project, (2) the use of crumb rubber from used tires, and (3) management of high sand-based root zone athletic fields. The indoor turf project stemmed from the 1994 World Cup Soccer Matches involving the installation and maintenance of a portable turfgrass system in the Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan. The majority of the research for this project was completed in a 600-m˛ dome constructed on the Michigan State University campus specifically for this project. The crumb rubber project was initiated in 1990 and nine experiments were used to investigate the incorporation of crumb rubber from used tires into the soil profile and at the turf-soil interface of turf systems to improve turfgrass wear tolerance and reduce soil compaction. The sand-based root zone turf project was initiated in 1992 to investigate establishment and management scenarios specific to these areas. A 334-m˛ field was constructed to investigate these practices. Initial studies dealt with the establishment of winter Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) with different fertilizer management regimes."
ISBN	0-8031-2400-7
Language	English
# of References	21
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs
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Record: 41595
	Item 88 of 114
Authors	Salmond, J. J.; Minner, D. D.
Affiliation	Iowa State University
Title	The effects of recycled rubber topdressing on surface hardness and turf quality under intense traffic conditions
Meeting Info.	Anaheim, CA: Oct. 26-31, 1997
Source	Agronomy Abstracts. Vol. 89, 1997, p. 135.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy
Keywords	Rubber; Topdressing; Surface hardness; Turfgrass quality; Traffic; Particle size; Shoot density; Color; Percent living ground cover; Impact energy absorption; Traction; Sports turf; Compaction
Abstract	"The U.S. discards millions of rubber tires a year into landfills. The rubber tire recycling industry produces several grades, sizes, and shapes of processed rubber. Two sources of rubber suitable for turfgrass topdressing use at this time are crumb and buffings rubber. Crumb comes from chipping whole tires and buffings come from the retread industry when tire treads are ground before being recapped. A study was initiated to evaluate various sizes of crumb and buffings rubber applied as topdressing to reduce the damaging effects of traffic. Measurements include turf quality, density, color, percent living turf cover, and precent topdressing showing. Impact absorption, G_max, was measured with a BK 2515 vibration analyzer and traction was measured with a torque wrench apparatus. Traffic treatments applied in spring and fall to simulate athletic activity were followed by a non-traffic summer recovery period. A model TR224 Brouwer roller was modified with 16 mm cleats on 30.5 cm centers to supply differential slip traffic over the turf. The effects of rubber treatments versus other treatments on compaction will be discussed."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!
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Record: 58077
	Item 89 of 114
Authors	Tompkins, D. K.; Moroz, D. L.; Abiola, A.; Chaw, D.; Clark, T.; Ross, J. B.
Title	The effect of crumb rubber and compost soil amendments on Agrostis palustris Huds. cv. Penncross
Section:	Soil amendment studies
Source	PTRC - Prairie Turfgrass Research Centre Annual Report 1997 [Alberta]. 1997, p. 13-16.
# of pages:	4
Pub. Info	Olds, Alberta: Prairie Turfgrass Research Centre
Keywords	Rubber; Composts; Soil amendments; Application rates; Root zone mixture; Agrostis palustris; Seedling emergence; Color; Resiliency
Cultivar names:	Penncross
Abstract	Evaluates the impact of crumb rubber and compost in turfgrass rootzones. The study was done to test turfgrass resiliency, emergence and color when crumb rubber was added to rootzones. The study showed that the color of the turfgrass improved as the percent of crumb rubber increased. No detrimental effects to the emergence of the turfgrass were found when crumb rubber was applied. Resiliency was dependent on the percentage of crumb rubber in the rootzone.
Language	English
# of References	0
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Record: 58078
	Item 90 of 114
Authors	Tompkins, D. K.; Ross, J. B.; Moroz, D. L.
Title	Effect of incorporating tire crumb rubber and compost during the construction of athletic field turf
Section:	Soil amendment studies
Source	PTRC - Prairie Turfgrass Research Centre Annual Report 1997 [Alberta]. 1997, p. 17-19.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	Olds, Alberta: Prairie Turfgrass Research Centre
Keywords	Rubber; Composts; Athletic fields; Root zone; Resiliency; Turfgrass quality; Color; Shoot density; Application rates; Phytotoxicity; Percent living ground cover
Abstract	Reports a study using crumb rubber and compost during the construction of elementary school athletic fields in Edmonton. The study was done to test the resiliency and wear tolerance of the turf and the effect of crumb rubber on turf quality. Color and turf density showed positive effects from the compost and showed no phytotoxic effects in the turf. Wear tolerance was not yet rated in this study.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables
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Record: 58079
	Item 91 of 114
Authors	Tompkins, D. K.; Ross, J. B.; Moroz, D. L.
Title	Effect of tire crumb rubber topdressing on athletic field turf
Section:	Soil amendment studies
Source	PTRC - Prairie Turfgrass Research Centre Annual Report 1997 [Alberta]. 1997, p. 20-22.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	Olds, Alberta: Prairie Turfgrass Research Centre
Keywords	Rubber; Topdressings; Athletic fields; Resiliency; Turfgrass quality; Color; Shoot density; Percent living ground cover; Application rates
Abstract	Reports the results of a study done using crumb rubber as a topdressing on two high school athletic fields. Resiliency and wear tolerance were evaluated in the turf. The study showed that crumb rubber significantly improved turf resiliency and had no detrimental effects on turf quality. Wear tolernce had not yet been evaluated.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Figures
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Record: 37795
	Item 92 of 114
Authors	Anonymous
Title	Recycling on golf courses
Section:	Golf and the environment
Web Source	GCSAA World Wide Web Site. 1996, p. 1-2
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	[Lawrence, KS: Golf Course Superintendents Association of America]
Keywords	Waste materials; Waste utilization; Environmental protection; Landfills; Clippings; Clipping utilization; Pesticide rinsate; Rubber; State legislation
Abstract	Discusses the necessity of recycling. Provides guidelines on recycling for golf courses, including recycling of grass clippings, pesticide rinsate, and used tires and motor oil. Also addresses the trends in state waste reduction and recycling.
Language	English
# of References	0
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Record: 37187
	Item 93 of 114
Authors	M. F.
Title	Markets move forward: good year for tire recovery
Article series	Bulky Materials Handling
Section:	Bulky materials handling: Markets move ahead
Source	BioCycle, The Journal of Composting & Recycling. Vol. 37, No. 3, March 1996, p. 35-37.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	Emmaus, PA: The JG Press, Inc.
Keywords	Tire fabric waste; Rubber; Soil amendments; Ground cover; Sports turf; Composts
Abstract	Discusses the use of recycled tires for purposes such as fuel, sports turf amendments, or a compost bulking agent. Also discusses regional markets and research to develop new uses for the recyled tires.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, b/w
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Record: 49712
	Item 94 of 114
Authors	Minner, David D.
Affiliation	Associate Professor, Turfgrass Science Research and Extension, Horticulture Department, Iowa State University
Title	Rubber tire particles as a topdressing amendment for high traffic grass
Section:	Turf management
Source	1996 Iowa Turfgrass Research Report. 1996, p. 101-103.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Extension
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables
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Record: 41722
	Item 95 of 114
Authors	Sorochan, J. C.; Rogers, J. N. III
Affiliation	Michigan State University
Title	The effect of mulch type for turfgrass establishment on plastic utilizing Ecomat
Meeting Info.	Indianapolis, IN: Nov. 3-8, 1996
Source	Agronomy Abstracts. Vol. 88, 1996, p. 148.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy
Abstract	"The germination of Lolium perenne and Poa supina on plastic on a recycled wood fiber mat (Ecomat) placed on plastic sheeting was evaluated using seven mulches and a control. Percent turfgrass cover was evaluated to determine germination density. The study began on 3 July 1995 and was repeated on 3 September 1995. The first study showed the effects of the mulches under diverse summer conditions. The second study showed the effects of the mulches under growing conditions ideal for cool season turfgrasses. The seven mulches included hydrated fiber mulch (HFM), copolymer of sodium acrylate and acrylamide (CSAA), crumb rubber, straw, fine grade compost, pelletized fiber mulch (PFM), and a clay loam native soil. Data showed significant differences between the two turfgrass species, the seven mulch treatments and the control. The Lolium perenne had higher germination rates than the Poa supina regardless of the mulch tupe. PFM showed to be the most effective mulch in the summer study. The order of effectiveness of the mulches in the summer study was: PFM > HFM > straw, fine grade compost > crumb rubber, clay loam soil, CSAA, and the control. All mulches with the exception of the clay loam soil and CSAA showed significant differences versus the control. Crumb rubber and PDM were the most effective mulches in the fall study with no significant difference between the two mulches. For the fall study the order of effectiveness was; crumb rubber, PFM > straw, HFM, compost > CSAA, control and clay loam soil. Similar to the summer study all mulches showed significant differences from the control with the exception of the clay loam soil and CSAA. This study will be repeated three times in 1996, with spring, summer and fall testing."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!
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Record: 53188
	Item 96 of 114
Mon. Author	Vanini, J. T.
Affiliation	Michigan State University
What it is:	Thesis
Monograph	The Dynamics and Diversity of Crumb Rubber as a Soil Amendment for a Variety of Turfgrass Settings, 1995.
Pub. Info	M. S. Thesis: Michigan State University
Collation	181 pp.
Keywords	Rubber; Soil amendments; Topdressing; Coring; Quality; Soil analysis; Physical properties of soil; Sports turf; Playability; Trafficability
Abstract	"In 1991, two trial studies were initiated to evaluate the efficiency of chopped tire pieces or crumb rubber as a soil amendment in high traffic areas. Crumb rubber (6mm) was tilled into the soil profile at two depths (7.6 and 15.2 cm) and five volumes (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40%) in a 2x5 randomized complete block design. In 1993, two additional studies were initiated to evaluate two management strategies to introduce into the turfgrass environment. For the core cultivation study, two particle sizes (6 mm and 2.0/0.84 mm) and five topdressing thickness rates (0.0, 3.9, 7,8, 9.6, and 19.2 mm) were evaluated in a 2x5 randomized complete block design. Playing surface characteristics, turf quality, soil physical properties, soil chemical properties, and surface dynamics of crumb rubber particles compared to sand particles were evaluated."
Language	English
# of References	113
Note	Figures
Note	Tables
Note	Graphs
Note	"7/95"
Note	Advisor: J. Rogers III
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Record: 46041
	Item 97 of 114
Authors	Leslie, Mark
Affiliation	Managing Editor, Golf Course News
Title	Top dressing breakthrough: Crumb rubber
Section:	Maintenance
Source	Golf Course News. Vol. 7, No. 7, July 1995, p. 1, 25.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Yarmouth, ME: United Publications
Language	English
# of References	0
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Record: 34192
	Item 98 of 114
Authors	McDonald, Kim A.
Title	Where the rubber hits the turf
Source	The Chronicle of Higher Education. June 30 1995, p. A10.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	[Washington, DC]: Chronicle of Higher Education
Keywords	Surfaces; Turfgrass quality; Waste utilization; Environmental benefits; Environmental protection; Rubber; Color; Wear resistance; Sports turf safety; Traffic
Abstract	Presents a novel technique developed by Michigan State University researchers using scrap tires to maintain grass in high traffic areas. The best method, they found, was to sprinkle quarter-inch-diameter or smaller pieces directly on the turf, layered to a thickness of a one-half to three-quarters of an inch above the soil. The improved turf is growing on hundreds of athletic fields across the country this year. The technique should substantially help the environment, by making use of some of the 253 million scrap tires disposed of in the United States each year. The additional cushioning provided by the rubber could reduce injuries caused when players hit the turf. The researchers are also working in a warehouse-like greenhouse to develop a grass athletic field for year-round use in stadiums.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 34354
	Item 99 of 114
Authors	Riggle, David
Affiliation	Managing Editor, BioCycle, 419 State Avenue, Emmaus, PA 18049
Title	A finer grind for rubber recyclers
Section:	Biosolids management
Source	BioCycle, The Journal of Composting & Recycling. Vol. 36, No. 3, March 1995, p. 42-44, 53-54.
# of pages:	5
Pub. Info	Emmaus, PA: The JG Press, Inc.
Keywords	Product profile; Waste materials; Waste utilization; Rubber; Particle size
Abstract	"Scrap tire processors are discovering that as ground rubber particles get smaller, markets for the material expand. The challenges are industry standardization and cost. Apart from standardization, the next stage of growth for rubber recyclers may once again be determined by technological developments in size reduction. Another challenge is that the 'same old' methods may not be sufficient to produce the desired results. [S]ome companies are develping totally unique approaches to grinding rubber using different principles." Discusses industry positioning, composite particles, crumb rubber and compost, and commodity specifications of grind rubber.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	See "Compost and tire combo correction," BioCycle, May 1995, p. 24, "BioCycle reported on the project in March, 1995, but specified the wrong compost supplier (p.53). 'All of the yard trimmings from Jacksonville and Duvall County are delivered to a private facility run by Enviro-Com of Jacksonville,' says Jackie Eldridge, city recycling co-ordinator. 'They supplied the compost for Metropolitan Park, not the Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County, as the article says.'"
Note	Figures
Note	Pictures, color
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Record: 93667
	Item 100 of 114
Authors	Rogers, J. N. III; Vanini, T.
Affiliation	Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University
Title	Crumb rubber as a topdressing for high traffic areas: ...and now the rest of the story.
Section:	Lawn/athletic field tour
Meeting Info.	Robert W. Hancock Turfgrass Research Center, MSU: August 17, 1995
Source	1995 Michigan Turfgrass Field Day. 1995, p. 14-16.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University and the Michigan Turfgrass Foundation
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Tables
Note	Stop 5
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Record: 44975
	Item 101 of 114
Authors	Anderson, Geri
Affiliation	Freelance writer
Title	Running on rubber: Soil amendment uses scrap tires
Section:	Wisconsin
Source	Turf: Central. Vol. 5, No. 11, November 1994, p. 4-6.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	St. Johnsbury, VT: NEF Publishing Co.
Keywords	Recycling; Soil amendments; Rubber; Drainage; Root strength; Costs; Business profile; Facility profile
Facility names:	Carson Park, in Eau Claire, Wisconsin
Business names:	JaiTire, Inc., in Denver, Colorado
Abstract	Discusses the use of chopped up tires as part of a soil amendment mix made by JaiTire, Inc. Describes the use of its mix Rebound, containing "crumb rubber and organically composted yard waste." Also describes the effect that Rebound had on Carson Park in Eau Clare, Wisconsin, after it was applied to the field. Lists costs and other figures.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, b/w
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Record: 31554
	Item 102 of 114
Authors	Anonymous
Title	Ballfield with bounce
Source	BioCycle, The Journal of Waste Recycling. Vol. 35, No. 1, January 1994, p. 25.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Emmaus, PA: The JG Press, Inc.
Collation	Regional roundup
Keywords	Composts; Baseball fields; Product profile; Soil amendments; Rubber; Field tests; Lancaster, CA
Abstract	"With the help of a $50,000 grant from the California Integrated Waste Management Board, compost and rubber from scrap tires were applied to a baseball field owened by the city of Lancaster. The project reportedly used rubber from 10,000 tires, and 70 tons of compost. It will test a new product, called Rebound." Test results are given.
Language	English
# of References	0
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Record: 32535
	Item 103 of 114
Authors	Chivers, Ian
Affiliation	Racecourse Inspector, Victoria Racing Club, Melbourne, Australia
Title	Rubber crumb inclusion in sand for training tracks
Meeting Info.	Massey University, Palmerston North; 9-12 May 1994
Source	Proceedings of The 5th New Zealand Sports Turf. 1994, p. 175-177.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	Palmerston North, New Zealand: New Zealand Turf Culture Institute
Keywords	Clegg Impact Test; Race tracks; Soil amendments; Rubber; Compaction; Facility profile; Trials; Sand; Soil moisture; Australia
Facility names:	Victoria Racing Club
Abstract	"The Victoria Racing Club (VRC) decided to investigate whether the inclusion of rubber crumbs (produced from recycled car tyres) could reduce the shock from pure sand surfaces without reducing the usage potential of these surfaces...Preliminary results indicate that the inclusion of rubber crumb in sand will lead to both a softer surface and to more uniform training conditions irresepective of moisture content."
Language	English
# of References	1
Note	Figures
Note	Tables
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Record: 32396
	Item 104 of 114
Authors	Hannan, Brendan; Gibbs, Richard
Affiliation	NZ Turf Culture Institute, Palmerston North
Title	Evaluation of bowling green bank belting materials
Meeting Info.	Massey University, Palmerston North; 9-12 May 1994
Source	Proceedings of The 5th New Zealand Sports Turf. 1994, p. 112-117.
# of pages:	6
Pub. Info	Palmerston North, New Zealand: New Zealand Turf Culture Institute
Keywords	Bowling greens; Evaluations; Clegg Impact Test; Banks; Ditches; New Zealand
Abstract	"The purpose of the present study was to evaluate a range of materials that could be used for bowling green belting, including new, existing and old materials." Out of 25 materials tested six are recommended for bowling green belting: ribbed rubber matting, conveyor belting (ribbed rubber type), natural rubber, Master mat (rubber crumb type), tube tread, and Astrograss.
Language	English
# of References	2
Note	Tables
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Record: 37872
	Item 105 of 114
Authors	Riggle, Dave
Affiliation	Managing Editor, BioCycle
Title	Finding markets for scrap tires
Source	BioCycle, The Journal of Composting & Recycling. Vol. 35, No. 3, March 1994, p. 41-44, 53-55.
# of pages:	6
Pub. Info	Emmaus, PA: The JG Press, Inc.
Keywords	Tire fabric waste; Rubber; Mulches; Utilization; Compaction; Composting; Soil amendments; Recycling; Legislation
Abstract	"Legislation, cooperative marketing and support for existing technologies have the potential to turn tires into a valued commodity." Discusses the utilization of tires as a soil amendment, in roofing, playgrounds and irrigation.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, color
Note	Includes sidebar, "Rubber Meets Road Block", p.42.
Note	Includes sidebar, "Energy Recovery: Tires As Fuel", p.53.
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Record: 41847
	Item 106 of 114
Authors	Vanini, J. T.; Rogers, J. N. III
Affiliation	Michigan State University
Title	Crumb rubber as a topdressing for athletic fields and high traffic turf areas
Meeting Info.	Seattle, WA: November 13-18, 1994
Source	Agronomy Abstracts. Vol. 86, 1994, p. 181.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy
Keywords	Rubber; Topdressing; Athletic fields; Traffic; Compaction; Absorption; Surface hardness
Abstract	"Crumb rubber has been proven as an ideal soil amendment for reducing compaction and surface hardness. However, to successfully incorporate crumb rubber into the soil profile, a field must be quarantined for at least a three month period for proper turfgrass development. Therefore, a top-dressing study with crumb rubber was initiated at the Hancock Turfgrass Res. Ctr. at Michigan State University in East Lansing, MI. A 2x5 RCBD with three replications was started with two particle sizes (10/20 mesh and 6mm) and five crumb rubber treatments (0.0, 1.3, 2.5, 3.2, and 6.4mm). Wear treatments were initiated on 26 August and applied until 14 November by the Brinkman Traffic simulator for a total of 49 football games. Field measurements included ball bounce, impact absorption, shear resistance, soil and surface temperatures and soil moisture (v/v). Turfgrass color, density, and quality ratings were observed. First year results revealed a significant difference in color ratings. Impact absorption values tended to be inconsistent among treatments. Surface dynamics of crumb rubber vs. sand will be discussed."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!
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Record: 93897
	Item 107 of 114
Authors	Vanini, J. T.; Rogers, J. N. III
Affiliation	Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
Title	Topdressing crumb rubber to improve high trafficked turf characteristics
Section:	Lawn tour
Meeting Info.	Robert W. Hancock Turfgrass Research Center, MSU: August 18, 1994
Source	1994 Michigan Turfgrass Field Day. 1994, p. 29-30.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University and the Michigan Turfgrass Foundation
Language	English
# of References	3
Note	Tables
Note	Stop LT 4
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Record: 69884
	Item 108 of 114
Authors	Anonymous
Title	NDSU practice fields maintenance program
Source	1993 Turfgrass Trials Research Report [NorthDakota]. 1993, p. 8.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	[Fargo, ND: North Dakota State University]
Series	North Dakota State University Extension Report #16
Keywords	Sports turf; Athletic fields; Sports turf maintenance; Growth; Rubber; Topdressings; Mowing
Abstract	Discusses possible reasons West Field had more growth than two other fields that were treated in the North Dakota State University practice fields maintenance program. "Empirical evidence suggests that the pulverization of the cores acted synergetically with the aeration to stimulate growth." West Field was the only field to have its cores pulverized immediately after aeration. Mentions that "the 20% addition of rubber pieces is in no way toxic to either turfgrass seedlings or mature plants...compaction was greatly reduced in this section, with readings being about 10% lower than in the non-rubberized section." Also discusses mowing overgrown grass and leaving the clippings on the ground; it produced no harmful side effects.
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	"November 1993"
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Record: 27136
	Item 109 of 114
Authors	Cadwallader, Michael
Affiliation	Director, Parks and Recreation, Fairfax, Virginia
Title	Is there an acceptable answer to the age old question - is there such a field that both participants and maintenance can like?
Source	Park & Grounds Management. Vol. 45, No. 11, November 1992, p. 16-17.
# of pages:	2
Pub. Info	Appleton, WI: Madisen Publishing Div.
Keywords	Rubber crumb; Artificial turf; Athletic fields; Compaction; Playability
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Pictures, b/w
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Record: 25695
	Item 110 of 114
Authors	Ventola, M. W.; Rogers, J. N. III
Affiliation	Michigan State Univ.
Title	Crumb rubber from used tires as a soil amendment for high traffic turfs
Meeting Info.	Held: November 1-6 1992, Minneapolis, MN
Source	Agronomy Abstracts. 1992, p. 177.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy
Keywords	Soil amendments; Rubber; Traffic; Trafficability
Abstract	"Used tires pose a problem for states and municipalities in they are a potential health hazard and are difficult to recycle. A study was initiated to investigate the use of crumb rubber from used tires as a soil amendment in high traffic turf areas. Crumb rubber was tilled into the ground at five volumes (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% rubber) and two depths (7.5 and 15 cm). Sodded Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) established from seed were the turf species evaluated. The Brinkman Traffic Simulator was used to provide artificial wear at a rate equal to three football games per week. The effects of crumb rubber modified areas on impact absorption, shear resistance, and wear tolerance will be discussed. Effects from crumb rubber were more pronounced in perennial ryegrass vs. Kentucky bluegrass turf in terms of impact absorption and wear tolerance. The effects of crumb rubber on soil physical properties such as temperature and moisture will be discussed."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!
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Record: 93977
	Item 111 of 114
Authors	Ventola, M. W.; Rea, J. A.; Rogers, J. N. III
Affiliation	Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University
Title	Recycled rubber as a soil amendment
Meeting Info.	Robert W. Hancock Turfgrass Research Center, MSU: August 22, 1991
Source	1991 Turfgrass Field Day Program [Michigan]. 1991, p. 10-12.
# of pages:	3
Pub. Info	East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University and the Michigan Turfgrass Foundation
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	Stop 4
Note	Graphs
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Record: 45032
	Item 112 of 114
Authors	Ferguson, M. H.
Affiliation	Turfgrass Agronomist, Bryan, Texas, USA
Title	Thatch control
Section:	Golf
Meeting Info.	Massey University, Palmerston North; 24-27 May 1982
Source	The Second New Zealand Sports Turf Convention. Vol. 2, 1982, p. 72.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	[NZ]
Language	English
# of References	0
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Record: 15511
	Item 113 of 114
Authors	Ward, Coleman Y.
Affiliation	Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station. Mississippi State, Mississippi.
Title	The Performance of Turfgrasses on Soil Mixtures Amended with Ground Rubber from Old Tires
Meeting Info.	Held: November 10-15, 1974, Chicago Ill
Source	Agronomy Abstracts. November 1974, p. 102.
Pub. Info	Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy
Keywords	Rubber; Soil mixtures; Cynodon; Peat; Golf greens
Abstract	"Thirty mesh ground rubber from old tires was compared to peat, sawdust, and rice hulls as an organic amendment in golf green soil mixtures. Each amendment was blended at 2 parts, on a volume basis, with 6 parts sand, and 2 parts soil (a sand containing 8% clay). Two additional mixtures were: (1), 2 parts rubber and 8 parts sand, and (2), a 6-1-1-1 mixture of sand, soil, peat and rubber, respectively. Each mixture was placed in 2 X 10 meter plots to a depth of 40 cm. and replicated 4 times. Tifgreen bermudagrass grew best during the establishment phase on plots amended with rice hulls. Subsequently plots amended with peat had the most uniform turf quality and root development. Rubber treated plots had the highest hydraulic conductivity but the poorest root development. The addition of soil or peat to mixtures of sand and rubber reduced the phytotoxic action of the rubber as compared to mixtures of rubber and sand alone."
Language	English
# of References	0
Note	This article is an abstract only!
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Record: 89496
	Item 114 of 114
Authors	Daniel, W. H.
Affiliation	Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana
Title	Sponge rubber
Meeting Info.	March 3-5, 1969
Source	Proceedings of the 1969 Midwest Regional Turf Foundation Conference. 1969, p. 14.
# of pages:	1
Pub. Info	West Lafayette, IN: Midwest Regional Turf Foundation and Dept. of Agronomy, Purdue University
Sponsorship
Language	English
# of References	0
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